| A | B |
|---|
| What did Constantine rename Byzantium? | Constantinople |
| What did Constantinople become the capital of Constantine's empire? | 330 |
| Who became the leader of the empire in the East, succeeding his uncle? | Justinian |
| What did Justinian do for the empire? | He recovered most of the territory that Rome ruled; including nearly all of Italy and parts of Spain |
| Byzantine emperors exercised what kind of power? | Absolute power; they were they heads of church and state |
| What was the single, uniform code of laws for Justinian's New Rome? | Justinian Code |
| What are the four parts of the Justinian code? | Code, Digest, Institutes, Novellae |
| What did Justinian do for the city structures? | He started building projects to build, repair, and beautify buildings in Constantinople; Hagia Sophia |
| What does "Hagia Sophia" mean? | Holy Wisdom |
| What is the Hagia Sophia? | A church rebuilt by Justinian to be the crowing glory of his reign and the Byzantine Christian Church |
| What does "Mese" mean? | Middle Way |
| What is the Mese? | the main street running through Constantinople from the imperial complex through a series of public squares and then to the outer walls |
| What is the Hippodrome? | an entertainment place that offered chariot races and circus acts; held 60.000 people |
| Who was Justinian's wife? | Theodora |
| What was Constantinople like in terms of trade and culture? | Constantinople was a trading center for people from Africa, Asia, and Europe |
| How did Byzantine families view education? | They valued education and sent their children to monastic or public schools or hired private tutors; children learned Greek and Latin grammar, philosophy, rhetoric, geometry, history, medicine, etc. |
| What destroyed a huge part of Byzantium's population? | a disease similar to the bubonic plague |
| What happened when the Byzantium people were left weaked by disease? | They were overcome by outside invaders |
| What two traditions of the Christian Church resulted from divisions in East and West? | Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox |
| What is the name for the leading bishop in the East? | Patriarch |
| What religious controversy broke out in the 8th century? | The use of icons; worship aid or idol? |
| What are iconoclasts? | "icon-breakers"; they broke into churches to destroy icons and images |
| What are icons? | Religious images used by Eastern churchs to aid in devotions |
| What is excommunication? | declaring someone an outcast from the Church |
| What major event occured after the Pope from the West and the Patriarch from the East excommunicated each other? | The schism; a split between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches |
| Missionaries from the Eastern Orthodox church helped convert what people group? | The Slavs |
| How did missionaries help language development in Russia? | Many Slavic languages, including Russian, are written in the Cyrillic alphabet; it was developed by Eastern missionaries to allow the Slavic people to read the bible in their own language |
| Where was the first unified Russian territory? | North of the Red Sea; west of the Ural Mtns; from the Black Sea to the Baltic |
| Who dominated Slavic villagers? | The Vikings |
| What is Russia's first important city? | Novgorod |
| What became the principal Russian city, noted for trade? | Kiev |
| With what city did Kiev trade both goods and ideas? | Constantinople |
| What happens to Kiev under the rule of Yaroslav? | Kiev becomes a commecial and cultural center |
| Who are the boyars? | The nobles |
| Who was the Kievan nobility who visited Constantinople and converted to Christianity? | Olga |
| What Kievan ruler converted to Christianity and made all the subjects conver too? | Vladimir |
| What religious event happend in 989 to the people of Kiev? | They were all baptised |
| Who is Vladimir's son who led the people to even greater glory? | Yaroslav the Wise |
| What mistake did Yaroslav make in handing down his throne? | He divided the kingdom between all of his sons instead of following the tradition of passing the throne to his eldest son; the sons fought each other for control of the kingdom |
| In the 1200's, what group of horsemen from central Asia invaded Russia? | Mongols! Argh! |
| What Mongol leader is one of the most feared warriors of all time? | Genghis Khan |
| What did the Mongols do to Kiev in 1240? | They destroyed it and established their own empire |
| How long did the Mongols rule southern Russia? | 200 years |
| What did the Mongols demand from the Russians? | slavish obedience and massive amounts of tribute (money, etc) |
| Who is Novgorod's prince and military hero who advised his fellow princes to cooperate with the Mongols? | Alexander Nevsky |
| How did Mongol rule help unite Russia and establish Moscow? | Mongol rulers united the small independent Kievan principalities under one rule; Moscow was strategically positioned on 3 rivers, allowing it to be the center of trade and control |
| What Russian Prince refused to pay tribute to the Mongols? | Ivan III |
| What was Ivan I's nickname? | "Ivan Moneybags" |
| During whose reign did Russia become a genuine empire? | Ivan III |
| Who began calling himself "czar"? | first used by Ivan III; official title of Ivan IV |
| What does "czar" mean? | it is the Russian version of Caesar |
| What is the name for Turkish military slaves? | mamelukes |
| What position to the Turks originally take in the Abbasid empire? | slaves |
| What empire overtook the Abbasids in Baghdad? | Persia |
| What group captured Baghdad from the Persians? | Seljuks |
| How did the Seljuks gain support of the Persian people? | By choosing to support and promote the Persian way of life and culture |
| Who was the most powerful Seljuk sultan? | Malik Shah |
| What was the Seljuk outcome in the crusades? | they gained Jerusalem, but sign a treaty giving Christians access to the holy places |
| What empire attacked the Seljuks from the East? | Mongols |
| What is the "code" of the Justinian Code? | 5,000 Roman laws |
| What is the "digest" of the Justinian Code? | summaries of legal opinions |
| What is the "institutes" of the Justinian Code? | instructions on the use of the laws |
| What is the "novellae" of the Justinian Code? | "New Laws"; laws passed after 534 |
| Which people attacked the Byzantine Empire? And what part of the empire did they invade? | Lombards- west; Avars, Slavs, and Bulgars- north; Sassanid Persians- east; Persians, Avars, Arabs, Russians, Crusaders- Constantinople; Turks- Antolia |
| What does the Primary Chronicle say about Rurik and the origin of Novgorod? | Rurik was a viking chief who was invited by the Slavs to be their king; Rurik founded Novgorod in 862. |
| Describe the trade that developed between the Vikings and Constantinople: | The Vikings sailed by river and sea to Constantinople to trade timber, fur, wax, honey, and slaves |
| List five ways the Turks showed respect for their Persian subjects: | chose Persian city for the capital; appointed Persians to government positions; adopted Persian language and customs; supported Persian writers and artists; used Persian architectural styles |
