| A | B |
|---|
| Robert Hooke | Developed the compound microscope; gave us the term "cell" |
| Anthony von Leeuwenhoek | Developed the simple microscope; single lens microscope; basically a magnifying glass |
| Cell | Basic common denominator of life; all living organisms contain cells |
| Matthias Schleiden | Concluded that all plants have cells |
| Theodor Schwann | Concluded that all animals have cells |
| Robert Brown | Botanist; discovered the nucleus |
| Rudloph Virchow | Proposed that all cells come from existing cells; he completed the cell theory |
| Cell Theory | 1. All lliving things are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. 3. New cells are produced from existing cells |
| Lynn Margulis | Proposed that idea that certain organelles, tiny structures within some cells, were once free living cells themselves |
| Botanist | Study plats |
| Zoologist | Study animals |
| Organelle | Tiny structures, within cells, that perform special functions for the cell |
| SEM | Scanning electron microscope; images are in 3D |
| TEM | Transmitting electron microscope; electrons are transmitted through the cell, organism |
| Prokaryotic Cell | Cells without nuclei; no true membranes |
| Eukaryotic Cell | Cells with a nucleus; true membranes |
| Purpose of nucleus in eukaryotic cell | The nucleus contains genetic material and thus, it is separated from the rest of the cell |
| Examples of prokaryotes | Archaebacteria and Eubacteria; the two kingdoms that contain bacteria |
| Examples of eukarytoes | Fungi Kingdom, Protista Kingdom, Plant Kingdom and Animal Kingdom |
| Micometer (um) | This is equal to one-millionth of a meter |
| Nanometer (nm) | This is equal to one/thousandth of a micrometer; we use nm to measure cell structures |
| DNA | biological molecule that carries biological information |
| True or False: All cells contain the structures of DNA and a membrane | True |
| The prefix "cyto" means what? | It means cell |
| Cytoplasm | Viscous liquid found outside the nucleus and extends to the inside of the cell membrane |
| Give the two divisions of the eukaryotic cell | Cytoplasm and Nucleus |
| Role of Nucleus | Contains DNA |
| Nuclear Envelope | Surrounds the nucleus; has many nuclear pores |
| Chromatin | Granular material within the nucleus; consists of DNA bound to protein |
| What is a chromosome? | It is chromatin that condensed when the cell divided |
| Viscous | Thick |
| Nucleolus | Small dense region in the nucleus; this is where ribosomes are made |
| Ribosmes | An organelle; proteins are assembled on ribosomes |
| What makes up Ribosomes? | Small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm |
| True or False: Cells that are active in making proteins, protein synthesis, contain many ribosomes. | True |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | This is the site where the lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled. This is also the organelle where the proteins and other materials are exported from the cell |
| Name the types of ER | Rough and Smooth |
| Rough ER | Contains ribosomes; make proteins. The ribosomes make the proteins and then the proteins are inserted into the rough ER where they are chemically modified |
| Smooth ER | No ribosomes are found on the surface of the ER. The smooth ER contains enzymes that include many specialized tasks |
| Give the tasks of the enzymes of smooth ER | 1. Syntheis of membrane lipids 2. Detoxify drugs |
| What organ contains many smooth ER? | Liver |
| Golgi Apparatus | Modify, sort and package proteins and other materials coming from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell |
| Lysosomes | "The Clean Up Crew." Filled with enzymes. |
| What are the functions of lysosomes? | Breakdown, digest lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into smaller molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell |
| How does the tail of the tadpole disappear? | Lysosomes |
| Vacuoles | Sac like. Store materials such as salt, water, proteins and carbs |
| What type of vacuole do Paramecium have? | A contractile vacuole. It pumps excess water out of the cell |
| Mitochondria | Powerhouse of the cell; convert the chemical E stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use |
| What is unique about the Mitochondria? | They have their own DNA and once survived on their own. |
| Why was Eve first (according to Mitochondria)? | We inherit our mitochondria from the ovum or egg...mom! |
| Chloroplasts | Organelle in plants and some other organisms, that capture E from the sun and convert it into chemical E; photosynthesis |
| What is unique about chloroplasts? | It has its own DNA and therefore, once lived on its own |
| Organelle Mitochondria | Has its own DNA |
| Organelle Chloroplast | Has its own DNA |
| Endosymbionic Theory | Lynne Margulis: prokaryotic ancestors of mitochodria and chloroplasts evolved a symbiotic relationship with early eukaryotes, taking up residence in the eukaryotic cell |
| Cytoskeleton | Network of proteins filaments that help the cell maintain its shape |
| Centrioles | Located near the nucleus; help organize cell division |
| What kingdom does not contain centrioles? | Plant |
| Microtubules | Made up of proteins called tubulins and help the cell maintain its shape |
| Name the two protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton | Microtubules and microfilaments |
| Microfilaments | Threadlike structures made up of a protein called actin. It is responsible for cytoplasmic movements that allow the cells to move |
| Cyclosis | Streaming motion of cytoplasm; caused by microfilaments |
| Flagella | Whip Like projections; example: Euglenas move by flagellas |
| Cilia | Tiny hair-like projections; Example: The paramecium moves by cilia |
| According to the Endosymbionic Theory, what did the group of prokaryotes that had the ability to use Oxygen to generate ATP evolve into? | These prokaryotes became Mitochondria |
| According to the endosymbionic theory, what did the group of prokaryotes that carry out photosynthesis evolve into? | Chloroplasts |
| Henry Dutrochet | Proposed that all living organisms are composed of cells |
| Joannes Purkinje | Proposed that protoplasm is the jelly like substance in cells |
| Max Shultze | stated that the jellylike protoplasm was similar in plant and animal cells (1861). He concluded that “the cell is an accumulation of living substance or protoplasm definitely limited in space and possessing a cell membrane and nucleus.” |
| Multicellular | Two or more cells |
| Unicellular | One celled |
| True or False: Animal cells can never contain chloroplasts in their cells | True |
| Which structure is sometimes found at attached to the endoplasmic reticulum? | Ribomes |
| What structure controls the cell's activities? | Nucleus |
| Despite differences in size and shape, all cells have cytoplasm and WHAT? | Cell Membrane |
| True or False: Mitochondria converts the chemical E into food that a cell can use. | True |
| Felix Dujardin | discovered one celled organisms |
| Name the two major parts of a eukaryotic cell | Nucleus and cytoplasm |
| True or False: Ribosomes take orders of what protein to make from the nucleus | True |
| True or False: Cells active in making proteins have many ribososmes | True |
| True or False: Peptodoglycan is also called murein | True |
| Pili | Thread like structures; used in reproduction |
| True or False: Only prokaryotic cells have pili | False - Eukaryotic cells such as Paramecium (a Protist) has them |
| Plasmid | Circular DNA |
