| A | B |
|---|
| chivalry | knights' code of honor |
| feudalism | exhchange of services for land |
| fief | land given to a vassal |
| guild | artisan association |
| knight | warrior; exchanged services for land |
| lay investiture | kings appoint Church officials |
| Magna Carta | "Great Charter"; signed by King John |
| serf | peasant; virtual prisoner of the land |
| vassal | knight or noble who has taken an oath of loyalty to a noble |
| William the Conqueror | Norman noble who conquered England |
| Henry II | English king; established common law |
| King John | Enligh king forced to sign the Magna Carta |
| Hugh Capet | founder of the French monarchy |
| Ferdinand & Isabella | rulers of Spain; expelled Jews and Muslims |
| Philip II | king of Spain who ruled during Spain's Golden Age |
| Ivan the Great | first czar of Russia |
| St. Benedict | founder of monasticism |
