| A | B |
|---|
| binary fission | form of asexual reproduction |
| mitosis | cell division of multicellular organisms |
| meiosis | double division of genetic material |
| body cell | normal body cell |
| soma or somatic cell | any sex cell |
| ovum or ova | female sex cell |
| sperm | male sex cell |
| zygote | a fertilized sex cell |
| gene | segment of DNA that codes for a protein or RNA molecule |
| chromosome | double rod like structure made of DNA and the proteins with DNA |
| centromere | the attachment point of two chromatids |
| chromatid | a single rod of a chromosome |
| chromatin | tangled mass of threads |
| number of pairs body cells in a human | 23 |
| total amount of body cells | 46 |
| homologist chromosomes | similar in shape, size, and genetic content |
| diploid number | 2 sets of chromosomes in a somatic cell or 46 |
| diploid number expression | 2n |
| haploid number | half number of of chromosomes to make an individual or 23 |
| autosomes | do not determine the sex of an individual |
| sex chromosomes | contain the genes that determine the sex of an individual |
| sex chromosomes are represented by? | xx for female and xy for male |
| karyotype | photo of the chromosomes |
| trisomy | condition in humans with more than 2 copies of a chromosome |
| trisomy 21 | Down's Syndrome |
| disjunction | when a chromosome and its homologue seperate |
| nondisjunction | when they fail to seperate |
| mutation | changes in a chromosome structure |
| deletion | piece of chromosome breaks off completely |
| duplication | chromosome fragment attaches to its homo. chromosome giving it 2 copies of a certain set of genes |
| inversion | chromosome reattaches but in a reverse reaction |
| translocation | broken off piece reattaches to a nonhomologous chromo. |
| cell cycle | repeating sequence of celluar growth and division during the life of an organism |
| interphase | 1st 3 phases of the cell cycle |
| mother cell | original cell |
| first growth or G1 | phase where cells grow rapidly and carry out routine functions |
| synthesis or S | DNA is copied in a process called replication |
| second growth or G2 | nucleus prepares to divide |
| cytokinesis | dividing of the cells cytoplasm by pinching inward |
| daughter cells | newly produced cells |
| G1 checkpoint | makes the decision of whether the cell will divide |
| mitosis checkpoint | triggers the exit of mitosis and the beginning otf the G1 phase |
| proteins | regulate cell growth and division |
| cancer | uncontrolled cell growth |
| carcinogenesis | the development of cancer |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death of normal cells |
| oncogenes | signal-carrying proteins |
| cancer lacks? | differentiation |
| cancer cells form? | tumors |
| malignancy | occurs when metastasis spreads new tumors distant from the primary tumor |
| prophase | 1st stage of mitosis |
| metaphase | 2nd stage of mitosis |
| anaphase | 3rd stage of mitisis |
| telophase | last stage of mitosis then cytokinesis begins |
| cell plate | this structure forms across the middle of the cell |
