| A | B |
|---|
| 100 Years War | 116-year war between England and France for worldwide land control |
| Battle of Hastings | Harold lost against William during this part of the Norman Invasion |
| Norman Invasion | Multiple attempts of Normans to overthrow Anglo-Saxons for control of England |
| Bayeux Tapestry | illustration of Battle of Hastings |
| Domesday Book | census of William the Conqueror to determine his land's wealth |
| Thomas Becket | Archbishop of Canterbury; killed by Henry II's knights |
| Archbishop of Canterbury | head of the Church of England |
| Common Law | laws that all citizens (including nobles) were subject to follow; established by Henry II |
| Harold | King of England for 10 months; fought William at Battle of Hastings |
| Magna Carta | limited the power of monarchs and gave citizens in England rights, such as trial by jury |
| English Parliament | Checked power of the monarch and limited new taxes without permission |
| King John | English monarch forced to sign Magna Carta to prevent being overthrown |
| Crusade #1 | Christians lost Constantinople; Christians win control of Jerusalem |
| Crusade #2 | Muslim Zengi captures Edessa; Christians have no successes |
| Crusade #3 | The "Kings' Crusade"; Christians win Acre; Muslims win Jerusalem |
| Crusade #4 | Venitians ransack Constantinople to make Venice #1 trading port |
| Anglo-Saxons | group of indigenous people in England; controlled by Normans after Norman Invasion |
| chancellor | second in command to King |
| William the Conqueror | Duke of Normandy; won the Battle of Hastings |
| Henry II | Established Common Law and Trial by Jury |
| Concordat of Worms | Ended lay investiture debate |
| Estates General | French body that checked power of monarch and controlled taxes |
| Holy Roman Empire | "empire" in present-day Germany with weak emperor |
| Jerusalem | city important to Jews, Christians and Muslims; point of contention during Crusades |
| Joan of Arc | French heroine who stopped English at Siege of Orleans in 100 Years War |
| lay investiture | right of the emperor to grant feudal power to clergy by appointing bishops and feudal lords |
| Urban II | Pope who called for First Crusade, exclaiming "Deus lo volt!" |
| "Deus lo volt!" | "God wills it!" - Crusader cry - justified attacking the Holy Land |
| Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, Acre, Jerusalem | The Crusader States (created after First Crusade) |
| Gregory VIII | Called for Third Crusade; promoted Concordat of Worms |
| Innocent III | Pope who called for Fourth Crusade |
| martyr | someone who dies for what they believe in; Thomas Becket was example |
| Emperor Henry IV | In favor of lay investiture |
| separation of church and state | concept of keeping church affairs and government affairs separated from one another |
| Church and State power conflict | Becket/Henry II & Henry IV/Gregory VIII are example |
| royal jurisdiction | Henry II's view that clergy should be tried in royal courts, like everyone else |
| ecclesiastical jurisdiction | Becket's view that clergy should be tried in church courts for crimes |
| Claremont, France | location of Urban II's call for the First Crusade |
| Declaration of Independence | Magna Carta influenced writing of this document |
| Battle of Tours | Charles Martel stopped the Muslim invasion into Western Europe |
| Charlemagne | Crowned emperor by pope on Christmas Day 800 |
| Hardrada | Battled for throne of England in York against Harold |
