| A | B |
|---|
| winter monsoon | blows dry air southwest across India |
| summer monsoon | blows moisture from the ocean in a northeast direction, bringing rain to farmers & oftens floods |
| Harrappan cities | cities laid out on a grid - evidence of urban [city] planning |
| Harrappan religion | religion & politics linked; people worshipped many gods including animals such as the bull |
| Varnas [levels] of the Caste System | 1. Brahmins - priests; 2. Kshatriyas - warriors & rulers; 3. Vaisyas - landowners, herders, merchants; 4. Sundras - peasants, servants, laborers; 5. Dravidians - non-Aryans, outcastes, untouchables |
| Difference between a caste system & a class system | Caste system - a person is born into a level and can never leave in this life; Class system - a person can work to move from one level to the next |
| Hinduism - gods | polytheistic - worshipped forces of nature, gods, animals [cow is sacred]; 3 main gods: Brahman, Visnus, Shiva |
| Brahman | In Hinduism - the single spiritual force that lives in all things |
| Reincarnation | the rebirth of the soul into a new body which allows people to try again & act better |
| Dharma | moral or religious duties; the divine order of the universe that creates balance |
| Karma | the effects of a person's actions [can be good or bad] & determines future rewards or punishments |
| Moksha | Hindus ultimate goal of existence = union with Brahman [achieved after many reincarnations] |
| Siddhartha Guatama | prince who left his palace to wander and seek enlightenment [wisdom]; then became the Buddha, founder of Buddhism |
| The Buddha | when Siddhartha finally understood the cause of suffering in this world, he became the Buddha or "enlightened one" |
| Four Noble Truths | basic teaching of Buddhism: 1. All life is suffering; 2. The cause of all Suffering is peoples' selfish desires for temporary pleasures; 3. To end suffering, end all desires; 4. To end all desires is to reach enlightment and follow the Eightfold path |
| Eightfold Path | Teaches Buddhists how to live their life in The Middle Way between desires and self-denial that helps bring enlightenment |
| Nirvana | Ultimate goal of Buddhists - union with the universe & the end to reincarnation |
| SIMILARITIES between Hinduism & Buddhism | Both believe in: 1. reincarnation; 2. dharma; 3. karma |
| DIFFERENCES between Hinduism & Buddhism | Hindus believe in many gods & have a caste system; Buddhists have no gods [just a prophet, Buddha] & NO caste system |
| 3 PILLARS of Indian Civilization | 1. The Caste System; 2. Family Life; 3. Village life |
| Mandate of Heaven | In China, the right to rule is granted by heaven [the gods] and is based on a ruler's virtues [must be a good ruler]; a ruler can lose this right if he behaves poorly |
| Dynasty | ruling family that passes on the rule from one generation to the next |
| Shang Dynasty social order | 1. Nobles at the top owned the land & controlled villages; 2. Peasants were at the bottom and made payments [tribute - like taxes] to the Shang ruler |
| Shang beliefs - oracle bones | Chinese people believed dead ancestors could bring either good fortune or disaster, thus made sacrifices to honor them; they used ORACLE BONES to talk to their ancestors & find out the future |
| Patriarchal | the oldest male is the head & all family members must obey him |
| Filial Piety | In China, all members of a family were expected to respect and obey the male head |
| Achievements of the Zhou Dynasty | 1. advances in farming [iron plow]; 2. increased trade & manufacturing; 3. written language based on pictures |
| Dynastic Cycle | Linked to the Mandate of Heaven - when a ruling dynasty neglects its duties or becomes weak; it loses the Mandate of Heaven - then the old dynasty falls to rebellions/revolts & a new dynasty claims the right to rule [Mandate] |
| Confucius & his childhood | Confucius had a hard child life - he was crippled & rejected by his father's family |
| Confucuis' values | honor & duty, especially to family |
| Confucius 5 key relationships | 1. Parent & child [parent should be loving; child should honor parents; 2. Husband & wife [husband should work & provide for his family, wife should obey; 3. Older sibling & younger sibling [older should be kind; younger should be respectful]; 4. Older friend & younger friend [older should be kind; younger should respect older; 5. Ruler & subject [ruler should be kind & subject be loyal] |
| Confucius' golden rule | "Do not do to others what you do not wish for yourself" - treat others the way you want to be treated. |
| Qin Shihuangdi | first ruler to unite China - took control at 13 years old; known for his brutality |
| Shihuangdi's regime [rule] | used legalism [strict laws, harsh punishment]; centralized the government; created a censorate to make sure people did there jobs, built a clay army to put in his tomb |
| Great Wall of China | connected all the walls in China to build the great Wall - to keep out invaders |
| Legalism | philiosophy said men were evil so a ruler must be strong & rule with strict laws, harsh punishments |
| fALL of the Qin | after Shihunagdi died, there was a peasant revolt, the Han Dynasty took over |
| Confucianism adopted by the Han | ended legalism, made their subjects study Confucius’ teachings |
| civil service | where average people could take a test and work for the government |
| Silk Road | Silk Road a caravan trade route stretching for 4,000 miles from Asia to middle East & goods were exchanged all along it |
| Han achievements | made paper, first wheelbarrow, fishing pole, acupuncture, jade carvings |
| Daoism [Taoism] | followers believe in the WAY of nature 7 balance between yin [male forces] & yang [female forces] |
