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| What happens during the first week of human development? | the fertilized egg undergoes many cell divisions and travels to the uterus |
| What happens during implantation? | the blastocyst begins to attach itself to the wall of the uterus |
| What structures protect and nourish the embryo and later the fetus? | amniotic sac, placenta, umbilical cord |
| What is the placenta? | the structure that holds the embryo to the wall of the uterus |
| What is the function of the placenta? | nourishes the embryo with substances from the mother's blood |
| How does a fetus change between the third and sixth months of pregnancy? | begins to move and kick, a sign that its skeleton and muscles are developing; sensitive to light and sound signs that nervous system is developing |
| Why is it an unhealthy decision for a pregnant woman to drink alcohol? | dangerous substances can pass from mother to embryo through the placenta |
| What healthy habits that a pregnant woman should adopt before and during pregnancy? | getting proper nutrition, regular exercise, avoiding alcohol & other drugs, avoiding environmental hazards |
| Why is prenatal care so important throughout pregnancy? | chances of having a healthy baby greatly increase if the mother visits her doctor or clinic for regular checkups throughout pregnancy |
| How long is each trimester of a pregnancy? | three months |
| What is chorionic villus sampling? | tests a small piece of the developing placenta to detect inherited disorders in the embryo |
| Why would chorionic villus sampling be recommended? | family history of genetic disorders or when mother is over the age of 35 |
| What is preeclampsia? | high blood pressure, swelling of the wrists & ankles, high levels of protein in the urine |
| How is preeclampsia treated? | bed rest or medication |
| What is amniocentesis? | inserting a needle into the woman's abdomen and uterus to remove a small amount of amniotic fluid to test for abnormalities |
| Why would an amniocentesis be recommended? | fetus is at higher risk for genetic disorder |
| What are the three stages of birth? | labor, delivery of the baby, and delivery of the afterbirth |
| What happens during labor? | contractions lasting 30-90 seconds, amniotic sac breaks, cervix becomes softer and wider |
| What is the postpartum period? | a time for adjustment for parents and their newborn during the six weeks after birth |
| What changes happen in the newborn during the postpartum period? | newborn's lungs begin to function, more blood sent to the lungs, nervous system reacts to new sensations(light, air against skin, hunger, pain), strong bond with parents |
| What changes happen in the mother during the postpartum period? | change in hormone levels causes breasts to produce milk, uterus shrinks to normal size, mother may feel overwhelmed |
| What are complicating factors that may arise at birth? | cesarean section, premature birth, low birthweight, multiple births |
| What is a cesarean section? | surgical method of birth where the doctor makes an incision in the lower abdomen into the uterus and removes the baby & placenta |
| Why would a cesarean section be performed? | position of the fetus in the uterus, narrowness of the mother's hips, illness |
| What are risk factors for low birthweight? | mother smoking during pregnancy, babies born to teen mothers |
| How do fraternal twins differ from identical twins? | two eggs fertilized from two sperm-single fertilized egg |
| What are key areas of development that occur during middle and late childhood? | physical growth, mastering new skills, making friends |
| What is pre-adolescence? | stage of development before adolescence, also called late childhood |
| At what age does pre-adolescence begin? | 9 |
| What is a description of a typical newborn? | nurse, cry, direct its gaze, bones soft & flexible |
| What is a description of a typical 18-month-old? | learning to walk, lose babylike appearance, appetite decreases, physical coordination improves, shy around strangers, gain ability to do things for themselves, do not play with other toddlers, don't like to share |
| What is a description of a typical 3-year-old? | lose all traces of babyhood, become more independent & active, muscles grow, energy is high, curious, play with other children, make friends |
| What is a description of a typical 6-year-old? | becomes less self-centered, has many interests & hobbies, permanent teeth appear |
| How does a fetus obtain its nutrients and get rid of wastes? | through umbilical cord |
| What changes occur in a fetus between the 7th and 9th month of development? | size of body increases in proportion to the size of head, body fat accumulates, eyelids open & close |
| Which nutrient is critical for proper neural tube development? | folic acid |
| What environmental hazards are a concern for pregnant women? | X-rays, lead, mercury, cat litter |
| What are some warning signs of postpartum depression? | sadness lasts longer than a few days or causes the mother to withdraw from the baby and other people |
| During what stage does a child typically begin to get their permanent teeth? | middle childhood |
