| A | B |
|---|
| seafloor | many of the same features as land, higher mountains, extensive plains, deeper canyons |
| continental shelf | sloping part of the continent that is covered with water from its shoreline to the continental slope |
| continental slope | steeply sloping area that connects the continental shelf and the deep ocean floor |
| continental rise | gently sloping surace at the base of the continental slope |
| abyssal plains | flat, level parts of the ocean floor |
| seamount | undersea volcano peak that is at least 1000 meters avove the ocean floor |
| guyot | a submerged flat-topped seamount |
| mid ocean ridges | are continuous undersea mountain chains found in the middle of the oceans |
| ocean trenches | long,narrow trouchs or depressions formed where ocean floors collide with another section of ocean floor or continent |
| Marianas Trench | ll km deep, deepest trench in the Pacific Ocean |
| submerged shoreline | sea has risen or land has shrunk |
| emergent shoreline | sea falls or land has risen |
| neutral shoreline | neither submerged nor emergent shorelines (flat and broad beach) |
| stack | island of resistant rock left after weaker rock is worn away by waves and currents |
| waves approaching beach at an angle | creates a current of water that flows parallel to the shore which carries sediment like a river of sand |
| split | formed when a weak longshore current drops its load of sand as it turns into a bay |
| rip currents | narrow currents that flow seaward at a right angle to the shoreline (dangerous to swimmers) |
| hydrosphere | covers 70 percent of the earth's surface that is covered in salt water (mass 1.4 X 10 to 24th power grams) |
| Oceans | 7 North Atlantic, South Atlantic, North Pacific, South Pacific, Indian, Arctic, Antarctic |
| Salinity | number of grams of these dissolved salts in 1000 grams of sea water (3.5%) salt being most abundant (low near river mouths and high in areas of high evaporation rates) |
| Ocean temperature | constant to depths of 90 meters (28 degrees C at equator to 2 degrees C at poles) Freezing point of seawater is lower than freezing point of pure water) Freezing point varies with the salinity of the water (-2 C to 0C) |
| Temperature zones of the ocean | Surface layer, mixed area- called thermocline (wind and waves churn where living creatures live) and third layer that is cold dark to barren ocean floor |
| oozes | name given to the sediment that contains at least 30% plant or animal shell fragments -contains calcium carbonate |
| authigenic deposits | deposits formed directly from sea water |
| seamounts | underwater wolcanoes-magna rising from the hot spot punches through the plate and forms a volcano - Hawaiian islands |
| Island arc | magma that rises to produce a curing chain of volcanic islands |
| lithification | when fluid sediments are transformed into solid sedimentary rocks- compact from wieghts of overlying materials leading to cementation |
| cementation | sediments are converted to sedimentary rock |
| igneous rocks | classified by texture, composition, and the way they were formed |
| magma | molten rock when it pours out onto earth's surface it is called lava |
| If magma cools quickly | crystals can hardly form such as obsidian which has a glassy tecture |
| If magma cools slowly | then crystals form causing course grained textrue such as with granite |
| Metamorphic rock | formed by high temperatures and great pressures |
| foliated metamorphic rock | leaflike rocks, compressed parallel bands of minerals giving the rock a striped appearance (slate, schist and gneiss) |
| unfoliated metamorphic rock | not banded such as quarzite, marble, anthracite rocks |
| minerals | are natural, non-living solids with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure. |
| ores | minerals or rock deposits that can be mined for a profit |
| rock | earth materials made of one or more minerals |
| rock facies | rock group that differs from comparable rocks as in composition, age or fossil content |
| Mineral characteristics | 1) non living 2) formed in nature 3) solid 4) atoms form a crystalline pattern 5) chemical composition is fixed within narrow limits (over 3000 minerals) |
| Soil | sand, clay, minerals, living organisms, humus, decayed plants and animals |
| Sandy soil | gritty do not bind together, porous- water passes quickly therefore do not hold water |
| clay soil | smooth and greasy, bind firmly, moist and water does not pass through easily |
| loamy soils | feel like velvet, clump together, sand clay and silt, holds water but some water can pass through |
| pedalfers | soil formed in humid, temperate temperatures eastern US, iron oxide and aluminum rich clays of brown reddish color (forrest type vegetation) |
| Pedocals | Western US, dry and temperate, rich in calcium carbonate (grasslands and brush vegetation) |
| Laterites | wet and tropical, red-orange soil rich in iron and aluminum oxides little humus soil not very fertile |
| renewable resource | one that is replaced naturaly ie plants and animals, water, air and soil |
| non-renewable resources | not easily replaced in a timely manner, minerals, metals |
| erosion | inclusion and transporatation of surface materials by another moveable material, usually water, wind or ice. |
| weathering | breaking down of rocks near to the earth's surface |
| physical weathering | process by which rocks are broken down into smaller fragments without undergoing any change in chemical composition. freezing of water, expansion of rock, activities of plants and animals |
| frost wedging | cycle of daytime thawing and refreezing at night causing large rock masses, especially mountain top rocks, to be broken into smaller pieces |
| exfoliation | peeling away of the outer layers from a rock, rounded mountain tops |
| chemical weathering | breaking down of rocks through changes in chemical composition, by water oxygen and carbon dioxide which can form a weak acid |
