| A | B |
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| electron transport chain | a series of molecules, found in the inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, through which electrons pass in a process that causes protons to build up on one side of the membrane |
| chlorophyll | a green pigment that is present in most plant cells, that givees plants their characdteristic green color, and that reacts with sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to form carbohydrates |
| fermentation | the breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen |
| Calvin cycle | a biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP |
| heterotroph | an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by products and that cannot synthesize organic comopounds from inorganic materials |
| pigment | a substance that gives another substance or a mixture its color |
| NADH | electron carrier that stores energy used to make ATP |
| anaerobic | describes a process that does not require oxygen |
| thylakoid | a membrane sysem found within chloroplasts that containes the comoponents for photosynthesis |
| glycolysis | the anaerobic breakdown of glucose pyruvic acid, whic makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP |
| carbon fixation | the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide, such as in photosynthesis |
| cellular respiration | the process by which cells prodce energy from carbohydrates; atmospheric oxygen combines with glucose to form water and carbon dioxide |
| aerobic | describes a process that requires oxygen |
| photosynthesis | the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen |
| carotenoid | a class of pigments that are present mostly in plants and that aid in photosynthesis |
| Krebs cycle | a series of biochemical reactions that convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water; it is the major pathway of oxidation in animal, bacterial, and plant cells, and it releases energy |
| autotroph | an organism that produces its own nutrients from inorganic substances or from the environment instead of consuming other organisms |
