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| veto message | A message from the President to Congress stating that he will not sign a bill it has passed. Must be be produced within 10 days of the bills passag. |
| Line item veto | an excutives ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by legislatature. Congress could take advantage of this by putting items that the president did not like into a bill be otherwise favored. forcing him to approve those provisions along with the rest of the bill or reject the whole thing. |
| pyramid structure | a Pesidnet's subordinates report to him through a clear chain of command headed by the cheif of staff. This was usesed by Eisenhower, Nixon, Reagan, and Bush and after a while Cliton most assittants report through a hierarchy to a cheif of staff. Who then deals directly to a President. |
| Ad hoc Structure | Several subordinates cabinet officers and committes report directly to the President. An example of this is Cliton task force, committes, informal groups of friends, and advisors deal directly with teh Presiden. Another Example is Cliton's administration dealt with the health care policy and planning was headed by Health and Human Services. |
| Divided Government | One parties controls the White House and the other party controls one or both housees of Congress. When President Gearge W. Bush became President in 2001. It was only the 3th time since 1969 that the same party controlled the White House and Congress. |
| Unified Government | The same party controls the White House and both Houses of Congress. It was only the first time since 1983 when Republicans were in charge. |
| Legislative veto | The authority of Congress to blovk a President's action after it has taken place. The surpreme Court has held that Congress does not have this power. For over fourty years this was unconstitutional. This usaually rook in a form of subcommittee for Congress to recognize the plan that would take effect provivded that neither the House nor the Senate passed within 6 days. A concurrent resolution disapproved the plan. This Procedure, first authorized by the Reorganization Act of 1939, could be used to change, but not create or abolish an exsecutive agency. |
| U.S. vs. Nixon 1974 | Through the President is entiltied to recieve a confidential advice, he can be required to reveal material realted to a criminal prosecution. |
| Nixon vs. Fitzgerald 1982 | The Presidnet may not be sued while in office. |
| Cliton vs. Jones 1997 | The President may be sued for actions taken before he becomes President. |
| Impeachment | Charges are brought up against the President approved by the majority of the House of Represenatives. It is like an enditment in a criminal trial. A set of charges against somebody, voted by in this case th eHouse of Representatives to be removed from office. The impeached officer msut be convicted by two thirds of the Senate, which sits as a court and persides over the Cheif Justice, hears the evidence, and makes its decison on under whatever rules it wants to adopt. |
| David Mayhew | Studed 267 important laws that were enacted between 1946 and 1990. These laws were likely to be passed when different parties controlled the White House and Congress as when the same party comtrolled both branches. |
| Gridlock | The inability of the government to act because rival parties control different parts of the government. |
| pocket veto | A bill fails to become a law because the President did not sign it within ten days before Congress adjourned. Pocket vetos can only be used during a certain time of the year jsut before congress adjournes at the end of the second sesstion. At times Presidents haved pocketed vetoed a bill just before Congress recessed for a summer vication or permit its members to campaign during an off year election. A bill that has been vetoed canot be brought back to life by congress. A bill that is vetoed cannot alos be passed over to the next session, so if Congress wants to press the issue futher it has to restart over by pasing the bill anew in the next session. In hopes of getting the Presidnet to sign it over, and if not they can override his veto. |
| 25th Amendment | Deals with the disability problem by allowing the vice President to serve as acting President whenever the President declares that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office or whenever the Vice President and the majority of the cabinet declare that the President is incapacited. If the Presidnet disagress with teh opion of the Vice Presidnet and the majority of the cabinet, then Congress decides the issue. A two thirds vote is needed to confirm that the President is unable to serve. |
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