| A | B |
|---|
| absolutism | a political system in which the ruler holds total power |
| Edict of Nantes | recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France, but also gave the Huguenots the right to worship |
| divine rights | the belief that the kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God |
| janissaries | a soldier in the elite guard of the Ottoman Turks |
| grand vizier | the Ottoman sultan's chief minister, who led the meetings of the imperial council |
| zamindar | a local official in Mogul India who received a plot of farmland for temporary use in return for collecting taxes for the central government |
| daimyo | "great names", heads of noble families in Japan who controlled vast landed estates and relied on samurai for protection |
| han | one of the approximatelly 250 domains into which Japan was divided under the Tokugawa |
| Zheng He | leader of merchant explorations around the world |
| bannerman | chief fighting force of the empire |
| heliocentric | literally, sun-centered; the system of the universe proposed in 1543 by Nicholas Copernicus, who argued that the earth and planets revolve around the sun |
| geocentric | literally, earth-centered; a system of planetary motion that places Earth at the center of the universe, with the sun, moon, and other planets revolving around it |
| Isaac Newton | defined the laws of motion using the argument of universal laws of gravitation |
| Estates-General | composed of representatives from the three orders of French Society |
| Committee of Public Safety | Napoleon made brigadier general by the Committee of Public Safety |
| the Directory | five directors acting as the executive committee, elected by the Council of Elders |
| code of civil law | Napoleonic Code, preserved the principle of the equality of all citizens before the law |
| continental system | colonists organized to counteract British actions |
| reasons for industrialization | agricultural practices in the 18th century had changed. Expansion of farmland, good weather, improved transportation, and new crops, such as the potato, led to a dramatic increase in food supply. The population grew, creating a large labor foce to work in the new factories. Britian hasd a ready supply of money, or capital, to invest. |
| laissez-faire | literally, "let (people) do (what they want)", the concept that the state should not impose government regulations but should leave the economy alone |
| Concert of Europe | meetings to maintain the balance of power with Great Britian, Prussia, Russia, Austria, and later France |
| result of Congress of Vienna | arranged a final peace settlement after almost 10 years of war |
| demands of the Indian National Congress | to seek independence for all Indians, regardless of class or religious background |
| direct rule | colonial government in which local elites are removed from power and replaced by a new set of officials brought from the mother country |
| indirect rule | colonial government in which local rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status |
| open door policy | a policy forced upon Japan that made Japan leave all of its ports open to Europeans |
| treaty ports | A port kept open for foreign trade according to the terms of a treaty, especially formerly in China, Korea, and Japan |
| extraterritoriality | Eureopeans lived in their own sections and were subjecct not to Chinese laws but to their own laws |
| reforms of the Charteer Oath | Japanese leaders created a new legislative assembly within the framework of continued imperial rule |
| Glorious Revolution | Dutch invaded England, with alomsot no bloodshed. The Bill of Rights set forth Parliament's right to make laws and levy taxes |
