| A | B |
|---|
| friction | the force that opposes the motion of one surface as it moves across another surface |
| increases | As the volume of a river's flow increases, the speed of the river _____. |
| deep | A _____ river flows quicker than a shallow river. |
| glacier | a large mass of ice that moves slowly over the land |
| valley and continental | two types of glaciers |
| valley glacier | a long narrow glacier that forms when when snow and ice build up high in a mountain valley |
| continental glacier | larger than a valley glacier |
| plucking and abrasion | the two processes by which glaciers erode the land |
| melts | When a glacier _____ it deposits sediment it eroded from the land, creating various landforms. |
| till | mixture of sediments that a glacier deposits directly on the land |
| moraine | the till deposited at the edges of a glacier, forming a ridge |
| kettle | a small depression made when a chunk of ice is is left in glacial till, forms lakes and ponds when filled with water |
| wind | the force that provides waves with their energy |
| friction | this slows waves down as they approach shallow water |
| beach | an area of wave-washed sediment along a coast |
| longshore drift | the process of sediment moving down the beach with the current |
| spit | a beach that projects like a finger into the water |
| sand dune | a deposit of windblown sand |
| deflation | the process by which wind removes surface materials |
| loess | fine sediments deposited in layers |
| clay and silt | A main difference between a sand dune and a loess deposit is that sand dunes are made of sand and loess deposits are made up of __________. |
| erosion | the process by which natural forces move weathered rock and soil from one place to another |
| volume | when the _____ of the river's flow increases, the speed of the river increases. |
| deposition | occurs where the agents of erosion lay down sediment |
| weathering, erosion, and deposition | act together in a cycle that wears down and build up Earth's surface |
| gravity | the force that moves rock and other materials downhill |
| gravity | causes mass movement |
| landslides, mudslides, slump, and creep | the different types of mass movement |
| landslide | the most detructive type of mass movement |
| mudslide | differs from landslide because of its high water content |
| slump | the material in this mass movement moves in one large mass |
| creep | type of mass movement that makes eerie-looking landscapes (i.e. curved tree trunks, etc.) |
| runoff | water that flows over grounds surface rather than being absorbed into the ground |
| rill | a tiny groove in the soil created by runoff |
| gully | a large groove in the soil formed by rills flowing into one another |
| stream | a channel along which water is continually flowing down a slope, formed when several gullies join |
| river | a large stream formed from several small streams flowing together |
| rain | One factor that determines the amount of runoff in an area is the amount of _____ the area receives. |
| more | Land that is steeply sloped has ____ runoff than flatter land. |
| tributary | a stream that flows into a larger stream |
| drainage basin | land area from which a river and its tributaries collect their water |
| erosion | Through ____, a river creates valleys, waterfalls, flood plains, meanders, and oxbow lakes. |
| waterfalls | ______ may occur where a river meets an area of rock that is very hard and erodes slowly. |
| flood plain | a flat, wide area of land along a river |
| meander | a looplike bend in the course of a river |
| oxbow lake | a meander that has been cut off from a river |
| deposition | creates landforms such as alluvial fans and deltas |
| alluvial fan | a wide, sloping deposit of sediment formed where a stream leaves a mountain range |
| delta | sediment deposited where a river flows into an ocean or lake and builds up |
| groundwater | underground water |
| energy | the ability to do work or cause change |
| potential energy | energy that is stored and waiting to be used later |
| kinetic energy | energy an object has due to its motion |
| gravity | changes potential energy to kinetic energy by pulling water down a slope |
| abrasion | the wearing away of rock by a grinding action |
| load | the amount of sediment a river carries |
| slope | The steeper a river's _____ is, the faster it will be. |
| sediment | the material moved by erosion and deposition |
