| A | B |
|---|
| worldview | a comprehensive conception of the world-especially culturally and socially-from one's specific cultural norms |
| stereotype | an overgeneralized or oversimplified view or caricature of another culture or a person from the culture, as perceived through the lens of one's own culture |
| acculturation | the process of adjuusting and adapting to a new culture, usually when one is living in the new culture, and often with the resultant creation of a new cultural identity |
| culture | the ideas, customs, skills, arts, and tools that characterize a given group of people in a given period of time |
| culture shock | in the process of acculturation, phenomena involving mild irritability, depression, anger, or possibly deep psychological crisis due to the foreignness of the new cultural milieu |
| anomie | feeling of social uncertainty, dissatisfaction, or "homelessness" as individuals lose some of the bonds of a native culture but are not yet fully acculturated in the new culture |
| social distance | the cognitive and affective proximity of two cultures that come into contact within an individual |
| perceived social distance | the cognitive and affective proximity that one perceives, as opposed to an objectively measured or "actual" distance between cultures |
| optimal distance model | the hypothesis that an adult who fails to master a second language in a second culture may have failed to synchronize linguistic and cultural development |
| individualism | a cultural worldview that assumes the primacy of attending to one's own interests and/or the interests of one's immediate family, and places value on the uniqueness of the individual |
| power distance | the extent to which a culture accepts hierarchical power structures and considers them to be normal |
| uncertainty avoidance | the extent to which people within a culture are uncomfortable with situations they perceive as unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable |
| collectivism | a cultural worldview that assumes theprimacy of community, social groups, or organizations and places greater value on harmony within such groups than on one'sindividual desires, needs, or aspirations |
| masculinity | (of a culture) the extent to which a culture strictly defines men's and women's roles |
| English as an International Language (EIL) | English as a lingua franca worldwide |
| world Englishes | varieties of English spoken and written in many different countries, especially those not in the traditional "inner circle" |
| nativization | indigenization of a language |
| inner circle | countries traditionally considered to be dominated by native speakers of English, e.g., the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand |
| outer circle | countries that use English as a common lingua franca and in which English is for many people nativized, e.g., India, Singapore, the Philippines, Nigeria, Ghana |
| native English-speaking teachers (NESTs) | a teacher teaching his or her native language as a foreign (?!) language |
| language policy | the stated position of a government on the official or legal status of a language (or languages) in a country, often including the role of a language in educatinal, commercial, and political institutions |
| framing | conceptualizing the universe around us with linguistic symbols that shape the way people think-through words, phrases, and other verbal associations |
| Whorfian Hypothesis | the argument that one's language is not merely a reproducing instrument for voicing ideas but rather is itself the shaper of ideas, the program and guide for the individual's mental activity |
