| A | B |
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| The gradual decline of the Roman Empire ushered in an era of European history called what? | Middle Ages |
| What changes occured in eestern Europe at the end of the 5th century? | Disruption of trade, downfall of cities, and population shifts |
| Why did learning decline in western Europe? | The Germanic invaders could not read or write; they had no written language |
| What was the common language of the Roman population before the Germanic invaders? | Latin |
| What happened to language after Germanic tribes invaded? | The German language was mixed into the population; new dialects developed |
| What languages evolved from Germanic-influenced Latin? | French, Spanish, etc. |
| Who is Clovis? | A Frankish leader who created a united kingdom and spreads Christianity |
| What Germanic people held power in the Roman province of Gaul? | The Franks |
| What happened to government under Germanic rule? | It declined; family ties and personal loyalty replaced citizenship |
| What two things spread Christianity through western Europe? | missionaries and politics |
| What are monastaries? | Religious communities built by churches |
| Under what religious leader does the Church become a political power? | Pope Gregory I |
| Which establishments became Europes best-educated communities and centers of learning? | monastaries |
| What is a secular power? | Worldly power (political v. religious) |
| What is the "major domo"? | mayor of the palace |
| Who is Charles Martel? | a mayor of the palace; held more power than the king |
| What dynasty did Clovis help to expand? | Merovingian |
| What Frankish dynasty started with the reign of Pepin? | Carolingian |
| What does Charlemange mean? | Charles the Great |
| Whose conquests reunite western Europe into an empire and spread Chrsitianity? | Charlemange |
| What kind of government does Charlemange establish? | centralized government; he limited the authority of the nobles |
| What was one of Charlemange's greatest cultural accomplishments? | His encouragement of learning |
| Who took over the kingdom a year before Charlemange's death? | Charlemange's son, Louis the Pious |
| What is the name of the treaty the ended the civil war between Charlemagne's heirs? | Treaty of Verdun |
| Was the Treaty of Verdun successful? | No; Charlemange's heirs continued to fight over control |
| Who are the most dreaded attackers of all? | The Vikings! |
| Where are the Vikings from? | Scandinavia |
| What are other names for Vikings? | Northmen; Norsemen |
| What Viking explorer most likely reached North American 500 years before Columbus? | Leif Ericson |
| What led to the decline of the Vikings? | influence of Christianity; warmer climate |
| How did a change in climate affect the Viking lifestyle? | Less people adopted the sea-faring lifestyle of the Vikings becayse the warmer weather made farming easier |
| What group of nomadic people attaced Europe from the east? | Magyars |
| What did the Magyars do with captured peoples? | They sold them as slaves |
| What group of people attacked Europe from the south? | Muslims |
| What is the feudal system based on? | the exchange of land for protection and services |
| Feudal society is made of what positions? | king, nobles, clergy, knights, peasants |
| What determines a person's prestige and power in feudal society? | social class |
| How does a person get their social class? | they inherit it |
| The wealth of the feudal lords came from where? | the labor of the peasants |
| The lord gives serfs land, shelter, and protection in exhange for what? | work |
| What is the name of the lord's estate? | the manor |
| What did most Christians believe about God and their social class? | They believed that God determined a person's place in society |
| What developments helped mounted warriors win battles by providing stability on horseback? | leather saddles and stirrups |
| What did feudal lords do to defend their territories? | raised private armies |
| In exchange for military service, what did the lords give their armies? | land |
| What two purposes did the castle serve? | home and fortress |
| What kind of literature idealized chivalry and knighthood? | epic poems |
| What was the church's view of women during the middle ages? | women are inferior to men |
| How did art and literature view women during the middle ages? | women are on a pedestal and are worshipped |
| What was the rold of women during the middle ages? | They were confined to the role of labor, child bearing, and caretaker; when their husband died or was away, women took over his role, however could not receive any rewards or advantages |
| What shared beliefs were a unifying force in feudal society? | religious- Christianity |
| What are important religious ceremonies called? | sacraments |
| What is the law of the Church called? | Canon law |
| What is the name of religious officials? | Clergy |
| Who is head of the Church in Rome? | The pope |
| What did popes use to wield power over political rulers | excommunication |
| What is excommunication? | banishment from the Church |
| After the death of Charlemange, what was teh strongest kingdom to arise? | the Holy Roman Empire; originally called the Roman Empire of the German Nation |
| Who was Otto I? | The most effective ruler of medieval Germany; he formed an alliance with the Chruch and invades Italy |
| What is the ceremony in which kings and nobles appoint church officials? | lay investiture |
| Who called the pope a "false monk" and ordered him to step down from the papacy? | German emperor Henry IV |
| Who angers the Church by invading the rich cities of Italy? | King Frederick I of Germany |
| Who defeated Frederick's army? | Italian merchant footsoliders who were angered by his invasions; they were backed by the Church |
| How did Gregory I increase the political power of the pope? | he made the Church a secular power; used Church money to raise armies, repair roads, help poor; negotiated treaties |
| What was the outcome of the Battle of Tours? | It halted the Muslim invasion of western Europe; made Charles Martel a Christian hero |
| What was the significance of the pope's declaring Charlemagne emperor? | This event signaled the joining of Germanic power, the Church, and the heritage of the Roman Empire |
| What are the stages of becoming a knight? | at age 7, a boy learned courtly manners, war strategies, and fighting skills; at age 14, he became the servant of a knight; at age 21 he became a full-fledged knight |
| What were teh common subjects of troubadour's songs during the middle ages? | joys and sorrows of romantic love, lovesick knights, and beautiful and pure noblewomen |
| What was Celasius's two-swords theory? | 2 symbolic swords-- one for the Church's power over religious matters; the other for the Kings power over political matters |
| Why was the reason for Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV's conflicts? | Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture; Henry IV told him to step down as pope; Pope Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV; Henry apologized and was received back into the Church |
