| A | B |
|---|
| What is absolutism? | A monarchy's belief that all political power rests in their hands |
| What did governments increase their spending on during the 17th century? | mostly on armies and raised taxes on the poor |
| Why did France and Spain start to foreshadow totalitarianism in the 17th century? | They controlled the papacy and the church, controlled the law courts, abolished freedoms, maintained permanent armies, used secret police and spies, established a huge bureaucracy focused on the king, secured the cooperation of the nobility, glorified the state over all else, and used war and expansionism to divert attention from domestic problems. |
| What is constitutionalism? | a system of government that is based on limiting the power of a monarchy by creating a body of laws. |
| What resulted from the Peace of Augsburg in 1555? | Philip II receives Spain. He was the defender of catholicism and started to usher in the beginning of the Renaissance of Spain with El Greco and Cervantes. |
| How did the Edict of Nantes lay down the foundations for absolutism in France? | Henry IV and his advisor, the Duke of Sully 1)revived the paulette tax which was a tax on hereditary positions, b) started a highway system, C)dreamed of an international organization to keep the peace, d) imposed indirect tax on salt and sales. The number of taxes actually declined and revenues increased. |
| Who ruled for the boy-king Louis XIII after Henry died? | Marie de Medici. |
| Who was Cardinal Richelieu and what were his goals? | He was a council of minister appointed by Marie de Medici. His goal was the weaken the Hapsburgs who surrounded France by a) subordinating all offices to the monarchy b)weakening the power of the nobles c) recruiting for the army d)supervising tax collection e)checking on nobility f) regulating economic activity |
| What were the reasons for the 30 years war from 1618-1648? | Bohemian revolt against Ferdinand who was not trusted and defenestration in 1618, Battle of White Mountain in 1620, Ferdinand's attempt to accomplish what Charles V failed to accomplish. |
| Who enters the 30 year war during the first phase? | Denmark enters in 1625 |
| Who enters the 30 year war during the second phase? | Sweden enters in 1632 and France enters on the Protestant's side in 1635 |
| What ended the European Religious War? | Peace of Westphalia |
| What did Richelieu write? | Political Testament which said power is based on revenue |
| Who governed for her son Louis XIV? | Queen Anne of Austria |
| What reached its height under the Sun King? | absolutism and Louis took control of the economy |
| How was Louis XIV an absolute monarch? | He married Maria Theresa because of a diplomatic arrangement with Spain, had complete control over all the classes of society, ruled from Versailles where he required the nobility to live several months a year, 60% of revenue was spent on maintaining Versailles, never called the Estates General, replaced Latin as the language of the educated. |
| Who did Louis XIV appoint to control finances? | Jean-Baptiste Colber |
| What theory did Colbert apply to France? | Mercantilism; the government policies that regulate economic activities by and for the state. He believed that the wealth of the country should serve the state. The commercial class prospered while the agricultural class declined. |
| How did Louis revoke the Edict of Nantes in 1685? | He closed schools, destroyed Protestant churches, and exiled those who would not renounce their faith. One king, one law, on faith. |
| What were the reasons behind the War of Spanish Succession in 1701-1713? | old territorial disputes and dynastic question of Spanish throne. In 1700 Charles II was king of Spain and he was insane. He left the throne to the grandson of Louis XIV, Philip of Anjou. The Dutch and British refused to accept French control of the Spanish colonies and netherlands. |
| What countries formed the Grand Alliance? | English, Dutch, Austrian, and Prussians |
| What was agreed upon at the Peace of Utrecht? | Philip of Anjou remains king of Spain and Spain and France must never unite |
| What were some of the results of the Spanish Succession? | It represented the balance of the power principle, saw the decline of Spain, saw the rise of the British empire, and marked the end of French expansionism. |
| How were the peasants treated in Eastern Europe during the 17th century? | Their rights were taken away, movement of peasants were restricted because of labor shortage, peasants lost their land and were forced into more obligations for their lords, serfs could be killed for nothing, weaker kings were forced to give more freedom to landlords, and landlords sold directly to foreign capitalists and abolished the need for a middle class. |
| How did the threat of war aid absolute monarchs in Austria? | war helped absolutists gain power in 3 areas: a)imposed and collected permanent taxes without consent b)maintained permanent armies c)conducted relations with other states as they wished |
| Who remained emperors of the Holy Romain Empire after the 30 years war? | the Hapsburgs |
| Who centralized the government of the German-speaking provinces? | Ferdinand III |
| What were the 3 regions of the Hapsburg state? | Austria, kingdom of Bohemia, and kingdom of Hungary. |
| What did Charles VI issue in 1713? | the Pragmatic Sanction which stated that the Hapsburg possessions would never be divided even if it meant a female heir |
| Why did the Hungarians resist the Pragmatic Sanction? | Many wanted to remain Protestant. They allied with Turkey |
| Who did the Hapsburgs fight? | the Ottomans who under Sulieman the Magnificent ruled the most powerful empire in the world. |
| Why did Hungary accept the Hapsburg rule? | charles VI restored the rights of the aristocracy of Hungary |
| Who was Maria Theresa? | A strong leader of Austria from 1717-1780. She decreased the power of the nobility, granted three days of unpaid labor, mother of Marie Antionette and 15 other children--10 survived to adulthood. |
| Why was the Hohenzollern family weak in Prussia? | They had little real power, choosing the holy roman emperor was of little value and they had no military strength. |
| Why was Frederick William (Great Elector) so successful in Prussia? | He wanted to unite the 3 areas of Prussia, Berlin, and the Rhine. To pay for standing armies, soldiers doubled as tax collectors and policemen, he created the best army in the world and gave society military values. He enlisted the junkers to help him and by 1688 Prussia was one state. Parliamentary government vanished and the Junkers were unwilling to join the commoners against the crown. |
| Describe the Mongol rule in Russia? | Absolute and violent, uprisings were brutally suppressed. The Mongol Khan was supreme ruler. Mongols used local princes to collect taxes and as servants. The Mongols ruled the Eastern Slavs for over 200 years. |
| Who was the tsar of Russia? | prince of Moscow (became most loyal city) and he was an absolute ruler. |
| How did the tsars see themselves after the fall of Constantinople in 1453? | as heirs to the Ceasars and Orthodox Christianity, and in 1505, the tsar of Moscow became ruler of all Russia and claimed a god-given right to rule |
| Why was Ivan III referred to as Ivan the terrible? | He confiscted 80% of Novgorod, he kept half and gve the rest to his nobles causing a rise in service nobility (boyars), he claimed all nobles had to serve the tsar in order to hold office, peasants fled west to hide from Ivan and formed groups called Cossacks, Ivan believed that he owned all the trade and industry which contrasts with capitalism in western Europe. |
| What king and queen passed the Bill of Rights giving control to parliament and creating a consitutional form of government with a prime minester and cabinet? | Prince William and Queen Mary |
