| A | B |
|---|
| phenotype | what the trait looks like |
| genotype | the genetic code for a trait |
| trait | factors or characteristics of an organism |
| heredity | the passing of traits from parents to their offspring |
| genetics | the study of heredity |
| self pollination | pollen is transferred to the female part of the same flower |
| cross pollination | pollen is transferred to the female part of another flower |
| pollen | contains sperm of flowers |
| dominant | the trait that will be expressed in a hybrid |
| recessive | the trait that will be hidden in a hybrid |
| hybrid | an organism with different genes for the same trait, one from each parent |
| purebred | an organism which has the same genes for a trait, one from each parent |
| homozygous | has the same genes or alleles for a trait |
| heterozygous | having different genes or alleles for a trait |
| Gregor Mendel | Austrian monk - father of modern genetics |
| pea plants | the kind of plant Mendel used in his study of heredity |
| genes | a section of DNA which controls a trait |
| alleles | a particular variation of a gene |
| DNA | deoxyribose nucleic acid |
| chromosome | genetic material that is condensed and bundled around protein |
| 23 pairs | the number of chromosomes humans have |
| XY | letters that represent the male chromosomes |
| XX | letters that represent for the female chromosomes |
| replication | the process that describes making a copy of DNA |
| meiosis | the type of cell division that results in eggs and sperm |
| mitosis | cell division seen in growth and repair |
| adenine | the A base of DNA |
| guanine | the G base of DNA |
| cytosine | the C base of DNA |
| thymine | the T base of DNA |
| Punnett Square | the chart used to determine possible genotypes of offspring |
| codominance | 2 forms of the same gene are expressed at the same time WITHOUT BLENDING |
| incomplete dominance | blending of traits instead of dominance, ex. in flowers a red gene and a white gene result in a pink flower |
| sex-linked traits | traits that are caused by genes on the X chromosome, but not on the Y |
| selective breeding | Deliberately breeding certain individual organisms to get certain traits. |
| gene mapping | finding the position of specific genes on a chromosome |
| polyploidy | extra sets of chromosomes in an organism |
| sex chromosome | the 23rd pair of chromosome in humans |
| carrier | the individual which carries the recessive gene for a trait |
| sickle-cell anemia | inherited disease which causes red blood cells to take on a sickle shape |
| multiple alleles | a single trait is caused by the action of 2 of several genes, ex. human eye color could be green, blue, brown, hazel, gray |
| fertilization | when male and female reproductive cells join during sexual reproduction |
| true-breeding | Mendel's term: individuals that are homozygous for a particular trait |
| segregation | separating chromosomes during cell division |
| gamete | haploid cells resulting from meiosis |
| probability | the likelihood that a particular event will occur |
| independent assortment | independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes |
| polygenic traits | traits controlled by two or more genes |
| homologous | a set of chromosomes from each parent; two sets of chromosomes |
| diploid | a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes |
| haploid | having only a single set of chromosomes |
| tetrad | structure containing 4 chromatids that form during meiosis |
| crossing-over | process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis |
