| A | B |
|---|
| Ceasaropapism | Constantine initiated: Emperor not only ruled as secular lord but also played an active role in church or religious affairs. |
| Justinian | Early Byzantine emperor who ordered a review of the Roman law to make more civil. Gained back a part of classical Roman Empire. |
| Iconoclastic Controversy | Leo III of Byzantium came into rule and saw the the veneration of religious images as sinful. Wanted the icons destroyed. Theologians and citizens strongly disagreed. |
| Eastern Orthodoxy | Later known as Eastern Orthodox church, Eastern nations like Byzantium that believed in iconclasm. |
| Kievan Russia | City in Russia that served as a conduit for the spread of Orthodox christianity in Russia. |
| Muhammad | Islamic Prophet whose compilings created the Quran. Believed in Allah as the motheistic true deity. creator of Islam. Said to be the last prophet ( other religions hadnt got the big picture) |
| Islam | Monotheistic religion announced by Muhammad. Influenced by Judaism and Christianity. means Submission |
| Hijra | Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina, Beginning point of islamic calendar and is considered to mark the start of Islam. |
| Five Pillars | Foundation of islam-1.Profession of faith, 2. prayer, 3. fasting through Ramadan, 4. Alms giving, and 5. pilgrimage. |
| Jihad | Means struggle: Muslims must combat evil, spread islam, and wage war against unbelievers. |
| Sunni | most popular branch of islam, "traditionalists", believed in the early caliphs-leaders didnt have to descend from Ali |
| Shia | Islamic minority that believed leaders should discend from Ali. |
| Quran | Islamic holy book that is believed to contain the revelations of Allah as presented to Muhammad. |
| Sufism | Islamic mysticism that placed more emphasis on emotion and devotion than on strict adherence to rules. |
| Umayyad Caliphate | Second of four caliphates after Muhammads death. Capital in Demascus, placed strong emphasis on arab military and priveleged military leaders. high tax on conquered people that didnt want to convert to islam. |
| Abbasid Caliphate | Not a conquering dynasty. More interest in a central authority. centered around baghdad. |
| Grand Canal | built during Sui dynasty. was to facilitate trade between north and south china. extended 2000 km. |
| Sui Dynasty | Wanted strong centralized govt. constructed great wall at this time, constructed many palaces and defensive walls, dispatched military, high taxes, demanded labor services. |
| Equal-field system | chinese system in tang dynasty which alloted families different amounts of land for different needs. |
| An Lushan Rebellion | Military leader during Tang dynasty that mounted a rebellion against the emperor that would be short lived after his murder but crippled the tang imperial house. |
| shogun | japanese military leader who ruled in place of the emperor. |
| samurai | japanese Warrior |
| Kamikaze | means "divine wind" that is related to the storms that destroyed mongol invasion fleets. |
| Chola | southern Indian Hindu kingdom, tight centralized state that dominated sea trade. |
| Bhakti | Indian movement that attempted to transcend the differences between Hinduism and Islam. |
| Srivijaya | Southeast asian kingdom, based on the island of sumatra, that used a powerful navy to dominate trade. |
| Angkor | Southeast asian khmer kingdom that was centered on the temple cities of angkor thom and angkor wat. |
| Magyars | Nomads from central asia that settled in hungary, expert horsemen, raided towns in germany, italy, and france in ninth and tenth centuries. |
| Vikings | Invaders from Southern Norway that traveled in stealthy shallow boats, raided much of eastern europe and mediterranean. |
| Feudalism | Based on a neat hierarchy of lords and vassals who collectively took charge of political and military affairs. |
| Serfs | Peasants that pledged their labor and obedience in exchange for security and land to cultivate. |
| Monasticism | form of christianity:to lead ascetic and holy lives. different communities had different rules procedures and priorities. |
| St Benedict | st who came up with a set of regulations on monasticism called benedicts rule which did not permit extreme ascetism but required monks to vow to lead communal celibate lives under the direction of the Abbot. |
| Crusades | expeditions that roman catholic christians mounted in an effort to recapture palestine, the land of christian origins, and the holy city of jerusalem from muslim authorities. |
| Saljuq Turks | Turkish tribe that gained control over the abbasid empire and fought with the byzantine empire. |
| Ilkhanate | Mongol state that ruled persia after abolition of the abbasid empire in thirteenth century. |
| Mali | west african kingdom founded in the thirteenth century by sundiata; it reached its peak during the reign of mansa musa. |
| Ghana | kingdom in west africa that eventually converted to islam; its power and wealth was based on dominating trans-saharan trade. |
| Harsha | King of india that temporarily restored unified rule in most of northern india and sought to revive imperial authority. |
