| A | B |
|---|
| transformation | term used by Griffith to describe how one strain of non disease causing bacteria changed into a disease causing strain of bacteria |
| bacteriophage | virus that reproduces in bacterial cells |
| zoophage | virus that reproduces in animal cells |
| phytophage | virus that reproduces in plant cells |
| Smooth Form | strain of disease causing bacteria with polysaccharide capsule |
| Rough Form | strain of non-disease causing bacteria without polysaccharide capsule |
| Oswald Avery | determined that bacterial transformation was caused by DNA |
| Fredrick Griffith | discovered bacterial transformation |
| Hershey and Chase | used radioactive markers to determine that DNA from viruses entered bacterial cells |
| nucleotides | building blocks joined to form DNA |
| deoxyribose | sugar found in DNA nucleotides |
| purines | double ringed nitrogen bases such as guanine and adenine |
| pyrimidines | single ringed nitrogen bases such as thymine and cytosine |
| Erwin Chargaff | determined that nitrogen bases formed specific base pairs formed by a purine and a pyrimidine |
| adenine | purine that pairs with the pyrimidine thymine |
| thymine | pyrimidine that pairs with the purine adenine |
| guanine | purine that pairs with the pyrimidine cytosine |
| cytosine | pyrimidine that pairs with the purine guanine |
| Linus Pauling | in correctly proposed that DNA was a triple helix |
| Rosalind Franklin | took x-ray pictures of DNA showing it was a helix |
| James Watson & Francis Crick | determined that the structure of DNA was a double helix |
| deoxyribose | together with phosphate groups form the sides of DNA molecule |
| phosphate groups | together with deoxyribose form the sides of DNA molecules |
| nitrogen base pairs | form the center of the DNA molecule |
| hydrogen bonds | weak bonds that connect base pairs in DNA |
| chromatin | granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins |
| histone | globular protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin |
| replication | copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA |
| DNA polymerase | enzyme that "proofreads" new DNA strands |
| gene | sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait |
| messenger RNA | RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell |
| ribosomal RNA | type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes |
| transfer RNA | type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis |
| transcription | process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA |
| RNA polymerase | enzymes similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription |
| promoter | region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA |
| intron | intervening sequence of DNA; does not code for a protein |
| exon | expressed sequence of DNA; codes for protein |
| codon | three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid |
| translation | decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain |
| anticodon | group of three bases on a tRNA moleclue that are complementary to an mRNA codon |
| mutation | change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information |
| point mutation | mutation that affects a single nucleotide, usually by substituting one nucleotide for another |
| frameshift mutation | mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide |
| polyploidy | condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes |
| operon | group of genes operating together |
| operator | region of chromosome in an operon to which the reressor binds when the opern is "turned off" |
| differentiation | process in which cells become specialized in structure & function |
| hox gene | series of genes that controls the organs and tissues that develop in various parts of an embryo |
