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| Cell Theory | All living things are composed of cells, all cells come from other cells, cells are the basic unit and structure of all living things |
| Robert Hooke | Named the term cell(from a piece of cork), 1666 |
| Anton Van Leeuvenhoek | Developed simple microscope, 1673 |
| Matthais Schleiden | Stated all plants are made of cells, 1838 |
| Theodor Schwann | Stated all animals are made of cells, 1834 |
| Rudolf Virchow | Hypothesized all cells come from preexisting cells |
| Why cells are so small | Able to take up less space |
| Fluid Mosaic Model of the Cell Membrane | Double layer of phospholipids with proteins scattered throughout |
| Phospholipids | Contains hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends, are fluid, allows for movement and expansion |
| Proteins | Help transport material, help support cytoskeleton, act as enzymes |
| Channel Proteins | Allows small water soluble material to pass through such as ions through the process of diffusion |
| Protein Pump | Uses active transport to carry material in the opposite direction of diffusion, requires energy from the cell |
| Receptor Proteins | Bind with specific substances and triggers a special cell response |
| Sugar Chains | Attached to lipids or proteins, helps in cell recognition |
| Cholesterol | Used to give cell membrane support |
| Diffusion | the random movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, greater the concentration the faster the rate of diffusion, process continues until equilibrium is reached, soluble material move across the membrane through simple diffusion, diffusion cannot move molecules rapidly |
| Osmosis | Movement of free water molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration, solutes lowers the concentration of free water molecules in a solution |
| Active Transport | Uses a protein pump and requires energy to move molecules across the membrane from a low concentration to a high concentration |
| Endocytosis | Cell engulfs large particles by wrapping the cell around it |
| Pinocytosis | Engulfs fluids |
| Phagocytosis | Engulf solids |
| Receptor Mediated Endocytosis | Cells take in certain molecules that attach to receptor proteins on the outside of the cell |
| Exocytosis | Movement of particles out of the cell such as waste products or hormones, reverse of endocytosis |
| Eukaryote | Contains membrane-bound organelles, plant and animal cells |
| Prokaryote | Very small, lacks membrane-bound organelles, contains one circular chromosome |
| Animal Cell | No cell wall or chloroplasts, contains centrioles and lysosomes |
| Plant Cell | Contains cell wall, chloroplasts, and central vacuole |
| Isotonic Reaction | Equal amount of solute, stays the same |
| Hypertonic Reaction | High amount of solute, shrivels up |
| Hypotonic Reaction | Low amount of solute, blows up |
| Cell Membrane | Regulates traffic of molecules between cells and surroundings |
| Cell Wall | Protects plant cells |
| Nucleus | Gene-containing organelle |
| Nucleolus | Center of nucleus, contains chromosomes |
| Chromatin | DNA existing in the nucleolus |
| Nuclear Envelope | Regulates molecules entering nucleus |
| Centriole | Composed of nine sets of microtubule triplets |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Synthesizes lipids, detoxes drugs |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | Ribosomes, production of new membrane |
| Golgi Apparatus | Finishes, stores, and distributes chemical products of cell |
| Lysosomes | Store waste |
| Ribosomes | Build the cell's protein |
| Vacuole | Storage for water |
| Chloroplasts | Perform photosynthesis |
| Mitochondria | Converts food molecules to ATP |
| Cytoskeleton | Serves as skeleton and muscles for cell |
| Microfilaments | Helps microtubules intermediate solid, helical rods composed of globular protein, helps change shape and move, assembles into sub-units |
| Microtubules | Straight, hollow tubes composed of globular proteins, reinforces cell shape, serves as a track to move organelles |
| Intermediate Junctions | Fibrous proteins, rope-like, helps anchor organelles |
| Tight Junctions | Bind cell together, leak-proof sheet |
| Desmosomes | Attach cells loosely together, allows material to travel between cells |
| Gap Junctions | Cells that allow water and other material to flow quickly between cells |
