| A | B |
|---|
| Peninsula | a body of land that has water on three sides |
| Mycenae | a walled palace where the first Greek kings lived; named for the Mycenaean civilization |
| Agamemnon | a Mycenaean king who use trickery to win the Trojan War |
| Peloponnesus | the Greek peninsula |
| Colonies | a settlement in a new territory that keeps strong cultural and economic ties to the homeland |
| Polis | a name for Greek city-state |
| Agora | an open area below the acropolis used for a market and as a place to meet and debate political and economic issues |
| Tyrant | someone who takes power by force and rules with total authority |
| Oligarchy | a few people who hold power |
| Democracy | all citizens share in the running of government |
| Sparta | one of the two most powerful Greek city-states |
| Athens | one of the two most powerful Greek city-states |
| Helots | captive workers |
| Solon | a trusted noble of Athens who, in 594, B.C. E., canceled farmer’s debts and freed those who were enslaved |
| Peisistratus | a tyrant who seized power in Athens in 560 B.C.E., won support from the poor by dividing large estates and by loaning money to the poor, giving jobs building temples and other public works |
| Clisthenes | came to power in 508 B.C.E. after the most important Peisistratus leader died |
| Persia | what is now southwestern Iran |
| Cyrus the Great | a remarkable leader, united the Persians into a powerful kingdom, 559- 530 B.C.E. |
| Darius | Persian leader came to power in 521 B.C.E.; made the Persian government work better |
| Satrapies | political division of the Persian Empire; there were 22 satrapies |
| Satrap | “protector of the king, “ the leader of a satrapy, tax collector, judge, chief of police, and head recruiter for the Persian Army |
| Zoroastrianism | Persian religion; founded by Zoroaster; believed in one god, was a source for goodness; taught that humans had the freedom and choice to choose between right and wrong |
| Marathon | where the Persian landed a force of 20,000 in 490 B.C.E. ; a short 26.2 miles from Athens |
| Xerxes | Darius’ son; became Persian king; in 480 B.C.E. launch a new invasion on Greece with 180,000 troops and thousands of war ships and supply vessels |
| Themistocles | an Athenian general; developed the plan to defeat the Persians, cut-off supplies to the Persian army |
| Thermopylae | a narrow pass in the mountains of Greece; the place where the Greeks decided to block the advancing Persians |
| Salamis | a strait in Greece; where the Greeks fleet attacked the Persian fleet; the Greeks destroyed most of the Persian fleet |
| Plataea | where the Greek army crushed the Persian army, northwest of Athens |
| Delos | an island that served as the headquarters for the Delian League |
| direct democracy | the citizens gather in mass meetings to debate and make decisions of government |
| representative democracy | citizens choose representatives to serve in small groups and to make government decisions |
| Pericles | a great statesman who guided Athens for more than 30 years – “The Golden Age” |
| Philosophers | thinkers who ponder and discuss questions about all aspects of life – including life itself |
| Aspasia | a famous woman in Athenian history, well-educated, contributed to the thinking of such philosophers as Plato, very influential in Athenian politics |
