| A | B |
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| Field Research | The stuyd of social life in its natural setting: observing and interviewing people where they live, work and play |
| Participant Observation | A research method in which researchers collect data while being part of the activities of the group being studied |
| Emile Durkheim | Labor specialization helped to bring social change - social change occurs when anomie is present |
| Karl Marx | Stressed class conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat |
| Max Weber | Developed the Sociological Imagination |
| Survey | A poll in which the researcher gathers facts orattempts to determine the relationships between facts |
| Participant Observation | A research method in which researchers collect data while beign part of the activities of the group beign studied |
| Field Research | The study of of social life in its natural setting: observing and interviewing people where they live, work and play |
| Interview | A research method using a data collection encounter in which an interviewers ask the respondent questions and records the answers |
| Symbolic Interactionism | The sociolgoical approach that views society as the sume of the interactions of individuals and groups |
| Functionalist Theory | The sociolgical approach that views society as stable, orderly system |
| Conflict Theory | The sociolgoical approach that views groups in society as engaged in a continous power struggle for control of scarce resources |
| Feminist Perspective | Patriarchal societies set certain expectations for society |
| Post Modern Theory | The sociological approach that attempts to exeplain social life in modern societies that are charecterized by postindustrialization, consumerism and global communications |
| Material Culture | A component of culture that consists of teh physical or tangible creations |
| Non-material Culture | A component of culture that consists of the abstract or intangible human creations of society |
| Mores | Strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences ina particular culture |
| Folkways | Informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture |
| Sanctions | Rewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for innappropriate behavior |
| Symbols | Anything that menaingfully represents something else |
| Taboos | Mores so strong that their violation is considered to be extermely offensive and even unmentionable |
| Law | Formal, standardized norms that have been enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions |
| Sanction | Rewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for inapproriate behavior |
| Cultural Relativism | The belief that the behaviors and customs of any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the culture's own standards |
| Significant Others | Those perosons who care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of self |
| Subculture | A group of people who share a distinctive set of cultural beliefs adn behaviors that differs in some signficant way from that of the larger society |
| Values | Collective ideas abuot what is right and what is wrong, good or bad, and desirable and undesirable in a particular culture |
| Counterculture | A group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and nroms and seeks alterntaive lifestyles |
| Gender Socialization | The aspect of socialization that contians specific messages and pratices concerning the nature of being female or male in a specific group or society |
| Hidden Culture | The transmission of cultural values and attitudes, such as conformity and obedience to authority, through implied demands found in rules, routines, and regulation of schools |
| Culture Shock | The disorientation that people feel when they encoutern cultures radically different from their own believe they cannot depend on their own taken-for-granted assumptions about life |
| Agents of Socialization | The persons, groups or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society |
| Status | A socially defined position in a group of society charecterized by certian expectations, rights and duties |
| Role | A set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status |
| Ascribed Status | A social position conferred at brith or recieved involentarily later in life based on attritbutes over which the individual has little or no control / Ex: gender or race |
| Achieved Status | A social position that a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit or direct effort |
| Role Conflict | A situtiaon in which incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time |
| Role Strain | A condition that occurs when incompatible demands are being built ino a single status that a person occupies |
| Reference Group | A goup that strongly influences a pseron's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of wether that indivdiual is an actual member |
| Secondary Group | A larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more-impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time |
| Primary Group | A small, less specialized group in which members engage in face to face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time |
| Role Exepectation | A group's or society's defintion of the way that to specific role out to be played |
| Role Performance | How a person pkays a role |
| Group | Two or more people who have met with a common purpose |
| Role Exit | A situtioan in which people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity |
| Normative Organizations | Organizations we voluntarily join |
| Coercive Organizations | Organizations we are forced to join |
| Utilitarian Organizations | Organizations we voluntarily join because we are seeking a material reward |
| Rationality | The process by which traditional methods of social organization, charecterized by informality and spotaniety, are gradually replaced by efficiently adminstered formal rules and procedures / Ex: You make choices knowing the consequences |
| Iron Law of Oligarchy | Tendency for power to be concentrated in the top of a bureaucracy / Few rule the many |
| Crime | Behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms and other sanctions |
| Stigma | A negative label attached to someone often for performing a deviant act |
| Recidivism | Committing a crime, serving the sanction and then recomitting the crime |
| Deviant Act | Any behavior, belief or condition that violates cultural norms |
| Sanction | Rewards for appropriate behavior r penalties for inappropriate behavior |
| Taboo | Mores so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive even unmentionable |
| Punishment | Any action designed to deprive a person of thingsof value (including liberty)because of some offensie the person is thought to have committed |
| Deviants | Someone who commits a deviant act |
| Anomie | When society lacks social norms |
| Positive Deviance | Deviance that benefits society in a positive way / Ex: Rosa Parks refusing to sit in the back of the bus |
| Negative Deviance | Devaince that hurts society / Ex: Robbery |
| Family of Procreation | The family that a person is born and in whcih early socialization usually takes place |
| Extended Family | A family unit composed of relatives in addition to parents and children who live in the same household |
| Nuclear Family | A family composed of one or two parents and their dependent children, all who live apart from other relatives |
| Serial Monogamy | Going from one monogomous relationship to another |
| Monogamy | Marriage between two partners |
| Marriage | A legally recognized and or sociall approved arrangement between two or more individuals that carries certian rights and obligations and usually involves sexual activity |
| Polgyny | The concurrent marriage of one man with two or more women |
| Polyandry | The conrrent concurrent marriage of one woman with two or more men |
| Patrilineal | A system of tracking descent through the father's side of the family |
| Exogamy | Cultural norms prescribing that people marry outside their social group or category |
| Patrilocal Residence | The custom of a married couple living in the same household (or community) as the husband's family |
| Endogamy | Cultural norms prescribing that people marry within their social group or category |
| Homogamy | The pattern of individuals marrying those who have similar charecteristics, such as race/ethnicity, religious background, age, education, or social class |
| Sociology of the Family | Sociological study that focuses on the study of the family |
| Matrilineal | A system of tracing descent through the mother's side of the family |
| Matrilocal | The custom of a married couple living in the same household or community as the wife's family |
| Emergent Norm Theory | Stresses the importance of norms shaping crowd beahvior |
| Contagion Norm Theory | Links psychology and sociology in the study of crowd behavior - explains rapidly changing moods and emotions |
| Social Change | The alteration, modification, or transformation of public policy, culture, or social insitutions over time |
| Reformative Movement | Improve society by changing certian aspects of society |
| Revolution | Chaniging society as a whole |
| Enviromental Racism | The belief that a disproportiante number of hazardous facilities are placed in lower income areas populated primarily by minorities |
| Mob | A highly emoptional crowd whos members engage in, or are erady to engage in, violence against a specific target - a person, a category of people, or physical property - The Simspons Movie |
| Riot | Violent crowd behavior that is fueld by deep seated emotions byt is not directed at one specific target - European Soccer Riots |
| Panic | A form of crowd behavior that occurs when a large number of people react to a real or percieved threat with strong emotions and self-destructive behavior |
| Resource Mobalization | Struggle for resoures often inhibits social change |
| Sociological Imagination | The ability to see relationships betwen individuals experiences and the larger society |
