| A | B |
|---|
| psychology | the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
| behavior | any action that people can observe or measure |
| cognitive activities | private, unmeasurable mental processes such as dreams, perceptions, thoughts, and memories |
| psychological constructs | theoretical entities, or concepts, that enable one to discuss something that cannot be seen, touched, or measured directly |
| goals of psychology | explaining behavior, predicting, and controlling |
| morality | the concept of right or good conduct |
| theory | a statement that attempts to explain why something is the way it is and happens the way it does |
| principle | a basic truth or law |
| psychiatrist | a medical doctor who specializes in the treatment of psychological problems and who can prescribe medication for clients |
| basic research | research that is conducted for its own sake, that is, that has no immediate application |
| introspection | an examination of one’s own thoughts and feelings |
| associationism | the theory that our understanding of the world occurs through ideas associated with similar sensory experiences and perceptions |
| structuralism | the school of psychology, founded by Wilhelm Wundt, that maintains that conscious experience breaks down into objective sensations and subjective feelings |
| stream of consciousness | thought regarded as a flowing series of images and ideas running through the mind |
| functionalism | the school of psychology, founded by William James, that emphasizes the purposes of behavior and mental processes and what they accomplish for the individual |
| psychoanalysis | the school of psychology, founded by Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts as determinants of human behavior |
| psychodynamic thinking | the theory that most of what exists in an individual’s mind is unconscious and consists of conflicting impulses, urges, and wishes |
| behaviorism | the school of psychology, founded by John Watson, that defines psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior |
| gestalt psychology | the school of psychology that emphasizes the tendency to organize perceptions of individual parts into meaningful wholes |
| biological perspective | the psychological perspective that emphasizes the influence of biology on behavior |
| evolutionary perspective | the theory that focuses on the evolution of behavior and mental processes |
| cognitive perspective | the perspective that emphasizes the role of thought processes in determining behavior |
| humanistic perspective | the psychological view that stresses the human capacity for self-fulfillment and the importance of consciousness, self-awareness,and the freedom to make choices |
| pschoanalytic perspective | the perspective that stresses the influences of unconscious forces on human behavior |
| learning perspective | the psychological perspective that emphasizes the effects of experience on behavior |
| social-learning theory | the theory that suggests that people can change their environments or create new ones |
| sociocultural perspective | in psychology, the perspective that focuses on the influences of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socio-economic status on behavior and mental processes |
