| A | B |
|---|
| population | the totality of all subjects possessing certain common characteristics that are being studied |
| sample | a group of subjects selected from the population |
| hypothesis-testing | a decision-making process for evaluating claims about a population |
| quasi-experimental study | a study that uses intact groups rather than random assignment of subjects to groups |
| Hawthorne Effect | an effect on an outcome variable caused by the fact that subjects of the study know that they are participating in the study |
| Different levels of measurement | nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio |
| Different types of data collection | nominal , ordinal, interval , and ratio |
| Different types of sampling techniques | 8random samples, systematic samples, stratified samples, cluster samples, and convenience samples |
| Uses of Statistics | describe data; compare data (two or more data sets); test hypothesis, and make arguments |
| Misuses of Statistics | ambiguous (confusing) averages, changing the subject, detached statistics, implied connections, mileading graps |
| Descriptive Statistics | a branch of statistics that consists of the collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of data |
| Inferential Statistics | a branch of statistics that consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing hypothesis testing, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions |
| Different types of variables | random, discrete, continuous, and qualitative and quantitative variables |
| Observational Study | a study in which the researcher merely observes what is happening or what has happened in the past and draws conclusions based on these observations |
| Experimental Studies | a study in which the researcher manipulates one of the variables and tries to determine how the manipulatio influences other variables |
| Variable | a characteristic or attribute that can assume different values |
| Random Variable | a variable whose values are determined by chance |
| Discrete Variables | have values that can be counted, such as number of joggers |
| Continuous Random Variables | obtained from data that can be measured rather than counted, such as heights, weights |
| Qualitative Variables | variables that can be placed into distinct categories, according to some characeristic, example: male and female |
| Quantitative Variables | are numerical and can be ordered or ranked, example: age, heights, weights, and body temperature |
| Random Samples | selected by using chance methods or random numbers |
