| A | B |
|---|
| energy | the ability to do work or cause change |
| kinetic energy | the energy of motion |
| potential energy | energy that is stored and held in readiness |
| elastic potential energy | energy associated with objects that can be stretched or compressed |
| gravitational potential energy | energy that depends on height |
| mechanical energy | total of the potential and kinetic energy in a system |
| thermal energy | the total energy of the particles in a substance or material |
| chemical energy | potential energy stored in chemical bonds that hold chemical compounds together |
| electromagnetic energy | the energy of light and other forms of radiation |
| nuclear energy | the potential energy stored in the nucleus of an atom |
| nuclear fission | nuclear reaction that occurs when the nucleus splits |
| nuclear fusion | nuclear reaction that occurs when nuclei fuse or join together |
| energy conversion | the process of changing one form of energy to another |
| law of conservation of energy | states that energy cannot be created or destroyed |
| joule | amount of work you do when you exert a force of 1 newton to move an object a distance of 1 meter |
| calorimeter | instrument to find specific heat |
| Newton | unit for force |
| temperature | avg kinetic energy of all the moving particles in a mass |
| heat | thermal energy that flows from a hot to colder object |
| kinetic theory | explains the motion of particles in an object |
| crest | highest point of transverse wave |
| trough | lowest point of transverse wave |
| wavelength | distance from crest to crest or trough |
| amplitude | distance from rest position to crest or trough |
| rest position | midpoint between crest & trough |
| medium | material a wave travels through |
| energy | ability to do work |
| mechanical wave | wave that must have a medium to travel |
| transverse wave | wave & energy travel at right angles to the direction medium travels |
| seismic wave | combination of transverse & longitudinal waves |
| frequency | the number of wavelengths that pass a point each second |
| period | The amount of time it takes one wavelength to pass a point |
| frequency | the inverse of period |
| compression | area in longitudinal wave where matter is compressed |
| rarefaction | area in longitudinal wave that is less dense |
| vibration | a back and forth motion |
| compressional waves | sound waves are this type of wave |
| longitudinal waves | also called compressional waves |
| electromagnetic and light waves | can travel without a medium |
| temperature | measure of an average kinetic energy of all the particles in an object |
| thermal energy | sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in an object; is transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation |
| heat | thermal energy that flows from a warmer material to a cooler material |
| specific heat | amount of thermal energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a material 1 degree Celsius |
| conduction | transfer of thermal energy by collisions between particles in matter at a higher temperature and particles in matter at a lower temperature |
| convection | transfer of thermal energy in a fluid by the movement of warmer and cooler fluid from one place to another |
| radiation | transfer of thermal energy by electromagnetic waves |
| insulator | material in which electrons are not able to move easily |
| solar collector | device used in an active solar heating system that absorbs radiant energy from the Sun |
| thermodynamics | study of the relationship between thermal energy, heat, and work |
| FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS | states that the increase in thermal energy of a system equals the work done on the system plus the heat added to the system |
| SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS | states that it is impossible for heat to flow from a cool object to a wamer object unless work is done |
| heat engine | device that converts thermal energy into work |
| internal combustion engine | heat engine that burns fuel inside the engine in chambers or cylinders |
| First Law of Motion | An object at rest will stay at rest |
| 2nd Law of Motion | F=m*a or a=F/m |
| 3rd Law of Motion | defines action-reaction pairs |
| inertia | tendency to resist motion based on mass |
| Newton | wrote the 3 laws of motion |
| gravity | long range force |
| friction | static and sliding |
| terminal velocity | when falling object reaches maximum speed |
| a force | push or pull |
| MOMENTUM | p=m*v or amount of force to change its' motion |
| VECTOR | size and direction |
| HEAT OF VAPORIZATION | energy needed to change liquid to gas |
| HEAT OF FUSION | energy needed to change solid to liquid |
| radiant energy | does not require medium or matter |
| mass | amount of matter in an object |
| weight | w=m*g |
| density | mass per unit of volume |
| states of matter | solid, liquid, gass & plasma |
| gas & plasma | no definite shape, no definite volume |
| solid | definite shape, definite volume |
| liquid | definite volume, no definite shape |
| SI system | based on units of ten |
| hypothesis | possible explanation for a problem based on observation |
| theory | explanation based on observation AND experiments |
| independent variable | the variable that changes-input |
| dependent variable | the measured output from an experiment-output |
| Constraint | design restriction based on outside factors |
| Control | the one experiment that is the base for all other to be measured against |
| KELVIN | SI unit for temperature |
| second | SI unit for time |
| kg | SI unit for mass |
| ml | equals 1 cu cm |
| model | represents an idea or event |
| technology | applied science |
| scientia | latin for science |
| scientific law | seems to explain what happens in nature, i.e.-gravity |
| scientific method | organized set of investigative procedures. |
| Categories of science | Life, earth, physical |
| experiment | tests the effect of one thing on another |
| PRECISION | how close measurements are to each other |
| ACCURACY | compares measurements to accepted value |
| graph | visual display of data |
| society | group of people with similar beliefs and values |
| VELOCITY | speed plus direction of an object |
| speed | distance traveled per unit of time |
| displacement | distance and direction from an initial point |
| acceleration | change in velocity per unit of time |
| CENTRIPETAL FORCE | the net force exerted towards the center of a curved path |
| gravity | attractive force between two objects |
