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| what was the 17th century in europe a period of? | revolutionary transformation |
| in the 17th century, what crisis did europe face that had profound political concequences? | a crisis in agriculture and manufacturing |
| what caused the crisis during the 17th century in european arigculture? | during that period, the climate was colder and wetter |
| what crop was seriously effected during 17th century europe? | grain which was a staple of their diet |
| why did industry suffer during 17th century europe? | because of the decline in population due to problems in agriculture, the population decreased which effected the economies of europe (less spending, less manufacturing) |
| during the 17th century, was the economic crisis universal throughout europe? | no, it effected different countries at different times during the period (in the middle decades, spain, france, germany, and england all had economic problems while the netherlands had its "golden age" of prosperity) |
| did government spending increase during 17th century europe, why? | yes, government spending increased mainly cuz of the need to increase military stregth in the face of conflicts |
| what did many of the monarchs of europe try to do during 17th century europe? | free themselves from some of the restrictions of custom, powerful social groups, or competeing institions (spain and frace's monarchs gained control of the institutions in their country. the monarchs of england and some of the princes and the german principalities set up their own national churches separate from the catholic church) |
| as far as the german empire, the treaty of westphalia placed teritorial sovereingnty in the hands of various "princes". define sovern. | it is a country in which a person, such as a king, queen or prince, has a leader who is absolute and controls all the institutions of government and makes laws |
| when did the concept of sovernty of monarchs begin to take place in europe? | it started during the 17th century and moved its way up through the 18 and 19th centuries (the period between 1598-1715, two types of government patterns emerged in europe) |
| between 1589-1715, what two types of governments emerged in europe? | absolute monarchy and a constitutional states |
| define absolutism | where sovernity in a country is embodied in the person of the ruler (king, queen, prince) |
| during the period of absolute monarchy, the kings and queens of europe stated they were only answerable to who? | God |
| what was the key component that allowed the monarchs of 17th century europe to maintain their power? | the key component was how they solved their finanicial problems |
| what was the difference of how the mideval monarchs and those of the 17th century handled the economy of their country or state? | mideval monarchs would bargin with the nobility and would agree to accept from them what are called "ad hoc grants of money" which were a payment from the noble made one time to the monarch in order not to have to pay it again. in 17th century europe, the monarchs set up and eleborate system in the government to collect taxes and fees on a ongoing basis |
| how were the bureaucracies of government set up? | they had career officals appointed by the king and only answerable to the king |
| in 17th century europe, the civil servants who worked in the bureaucracies came from what classes of society? | in western europe, from the middle class and the nobility. but in eastern europe, like france spain prussia and rusia, they came mainly from the nobility cuz there were no middle classes |
| who were royal agents? | royal agents were specially appointed by the monarch to handle important areas of the government for the monarch (in england, thomas becket and thomas wolsey. in france, cardinal richelieu) |
| in 17th century europe, what new characteristic did the armies of europe take on? | they were no longer temorary armies called up to fight speific conflicts. they became known as "standing armies" which meant that they would be in uniform and ready to fight at a moments notice. they instituted what is known as compulsotory service which means that there was a draft in order to enlist citizens in the military for a period of time |
| what was a limiting factor in absolutism during 17th century europe? | cuz the monarchs often lacked the fincial, military resources and technology, they had to rely on other for helpl and their absolute powers in those cases were weakened |
| define totalitarianism. | it is a 20th century term meaning that the dictator (person in complete control) controls not only the government but the entire culture of the state (art, education, religion, economy and politics) |
| were the countries in europe totalitarian in 17th century europe? | no, not in many cases cuz of financial, military, and lack of technology, they could not gain total control of the government and the culture of their country. also, in this kind of state, the dictator regulates everything, but the absolute monarchs did not completely regulate every aspect of their countries culture |
| in which two ways did the absolute monarchs forshadow the totalitarian regimes to come? | 1. in the glorifocation of the state, above all other aspects of the culture and the use of war to expand their countries foreign policy and divert attention from domestic problems |
| who was a french huguenot? | a french protestant |
| who was king henry IV of france? | he was a huguenot turned catholic. he ended the religious wars in france in 1598. he was the first monarch of the burbon dynasty. he appointed the duke of sully as his great minister |
| what did king henry IV and the duke of sully achieve for france? | they both laid the foundation for what became known as french absolutism by limiting the powers of the nobility and lowering the taxes on the peasants. sully showed himself to be a fincial genius by emlimating the debt from the religious wars and setting up and annual tax. in the 12 years that they were in power, france was on its way to absolutism and becoming on of the most powerful countries in europe |
| what was the paulette? | it is the name for the annual tax that the french king henry IV and his minister sully established (the annual tax) |
| what happened to henry IV of france? and what was the result? | he was murdered in 1610 by a crazy fanatic madman. after his death the queen regent marie-medici took over becuase henry's son louis XIII was too young to rule |
| marie-medici did what in 1624? | she appointed cardinal richelieu to the counsil of ministers and eventually he became the president of the council |
| what was the signifcance of the cardinals rule in french history? | from 1585-1642 he had a mahor influence of the french monarchs and their policies. for king louis XIII, he convinced the king to make the french monarchy to be one and the same as the french state (government) this led to french absolutism |
| the cardinal followed what policy during his long period of influence over the french monarchy? | he tried to break the power of the nobility in order to enhance the powers of the king of france. he taxes them heavily and crushed with executions any of those who resisted and conspired against the king. he also reorganized the french government so as to make it directly responsible to the french monarchy. he established a system of drafting men into the french military to serve for a period of time and a system to regulate the middle class in their commerce trade guilds and in the market place. behind all of this, he set up laws and codes that would be strictly enforced |
| how did the protestants in france feel about the cardinal? | the cardinal did not trust the protestants and treated them with not the same respect as the others. in 1625, the huguenots revolted under the duke of roland and the cardinal personally supervised the seige of the city rochelle and forced it to surender. from that point on, the huguenots practiced their faith but could not have armies |
| what was foreign policy under the cardinal? | the cardinal wanted to destroy the territories controled by the austrian habsburgs th8at surounded france; therefore he supported the enemies of the habsburgs in what is called the sweedish phase of the 30 years war, he supported the lutheran king adolphus against the catholic habsburgs. under the cardinal, france got the rights to alsace in the east and aras in the north, which later had a big influnece on germany |
| in which way did the cardinal effect french literature? | he gave birth to what is known as the french acedemy and in 1635 promoted the better use of french grammer and rhetoric. during that time, the first dictionary of the french langage began to be written and was completed in 1694 |
| what was the cardinals autobiography entitled? | political testement |
| the cardinal felt that the key of establishing french absolutism was what component? | that component was centrailising under the king the french economy and finances. one of the problems he faced that the the finances in past french history had been controled by local and regional athorties. cuz of this and the french monarches limitations on taxation, he knewn it would hurt their cause to turn france into an absolute monarchy |
| what happened to the carndinal in 1602? | he persuaded king louis XIII to appoint a friend jules mazarin to take his place from 1602-1661 |
| what year did the cardinal die? | 1642, at age 57. |
| what happened to france after king louis XIII died in 1643? | his son louis XIV was too young to rule so the austian queen anne became the regent queen, but since she lived a distance from france, it was cardinal mazine ruled france |
| what was the fronde in france during the 17th century? | while king louis XIV was too young to rule, mazine atempted to centrailize, like richeliue before him, taxation and funding under the french monarchy. this 'lead to a civil war in france over royal revenues called the fronde, means slingshot. the fronde was anyone who apposed the policies of the government, represent by richelieu and mazine |
| How was the french bureaucracy reprented by King Louis xiv reign? | The frech bureaucracy had over 60,000 civil servants and had incresed significantly under Richelieu and Marazin influence. |
| Which king of Europe had the lost reign on the throne? | It was King Louis XIV who reigned France from 1643-1715 (72 years). |
| The reign of King Louis xiv of france significance can be stated as what? | Under his reign France became and "absolue monarchy" and he had a big influence on the other monarchs of European who themselves wished to be like King Louis xiv - an absolute monarch of this country as well. |
| What was the significance of French culture during the 17th century had what effect on European histor? | During the reign of France's King Louis xiv, the french culture was brillant and it impacted most other cultures in Europe at the same time, as other what to be as France was. France was the role model to follow. |
| Why nickname did the french King Louis xiv get and why? | King Louis xiv was called the "Sun King" because the sun never set on french possesions all over the world and that he had a radience in his rule that touched every aspect of Europena life. |
| What other titles as the french King Louis xiv given? | He was called the "Sun King" and his period of rule, during the 2nd part of the 17th century, "Grand Century", "Age of Magnificence", and the "Age of Louis XIV". |
| What did the philosopher Voltaire call the period that the french King Louis xiv reigned? | "The Age of King Louis XIV" (2nd half of the 17th century) |
| What religion was the French King Louid IV? | He was a devout Catholic. |
| Which two people had the greatest influence on France's King Louis xiv and what was the cornerstone of that education that influened him greatly? | The conerstone was that the monarch served God first and provided for his subjects because God wanted him to be merciful and good to them. This was the very foundation of absolotism of which he believed and set as an example for all of Europe and the world to see. |
| What can one say about France's King Louis xiv education? | His education was more practical than formal. |
