| A | B |
| collective naturalization | group gains citizenship |
| Eighth Amendment | forbids cruel and unusual punishment |
| expatriate | former U.S. citizen |
| immigrant | person intending to stay permanently |
| jus soli | citizenship by "law of the soil" |
| the people | the ultimate source of power in the U.S. |
| Nineteenth Amendment | gave women the right to vote |
| Congress | controllers of immigration policies |
| Brown v. Board of Education | overruled the "separate but equal" doctrine |
| jus sanguinis | citizenship by "law of blood" |