| A | B |
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| Why do you suppose Cosimo de'Medici preferred to rule from behind the scenes rahter than openly? | Because if he were elected, he might lose his office; by staying behind the scenes, he could try to influence whoever held office. |
| What were the three advantages that caused the Renaissance to start in Italy? | Italy had many cities, where people could exchange ideas; The cities were run by merchants, who supported the arts; Italian scholars and artists had access to classical art and literature. |
| Merchants believed in their own individual merit. How did this belief affect artistic styles? | Because merchants were proud of their individual achievements, they wanted their portraits to show them as distinctive individuals. |
| Do you think Machiavelli is right in his view that rulers must trick people and ignore morality? Explain | Yes, because leaders sometimes have to hurt individuals to do what is best for a state; No, there is never a good reason to abandon one's morals. |
| How did the war in Italy spread the Renaissance? | By making Italian artist flee north. |
| What point do you think More was making about his own society? | That they were too greedy or that they loved money too much. |
| State at least two ways in which Shakespeare's work showed Renaissance influences. | He wrote in vernacular English; he had a character express a high view of human nature; he wrote about classical objects. |
| What were the major effects of the invention of the printing press? | Books became affordable; books were published on many subjects; new ideas spread; writing in vernacular languages increased; people formed their own opinions about religion. |
| How did political, social, and economic forces weaken the Church? | Political-Rulers resented the popes' attempts to control them and Germany was not unified; Social-Printing press spread Renaissance ideas that challenged Church authority; Economic- Merchants resented paying Church taxes. |
| Review the list of Luther's teachings above. Which of these points help you to understand why he felt it was all right to defy the pope? | He thought the pope was a false authority. He thought all Christians were equal so the pope had no power to damn him. |
| Why would Luther and his followers want the Bible and sermons to be in German? | If people were to interpret the Bible for themselves, they had to know what it said- and most people did not know Latin. |
| Explain the different motives that German princes had for becoming Lutheran. | Religious- because they agreed with Luther; exonomic-to gain property by seizing lands owned by the Catholic church; political- to gain more independence from their Catholic emperor. |
| How did Henry VIII and his three children cause religious turmoil in England? | Under their rule, England switched back and forth from Catholic to Protestant to Catholic to Protestant again. Many people were persecuted and martyred, by both Henry and Mary. |
| Who do you think had a better reason to beak with the Church, Luther or Henry VIII? Support your answer | Luther's reasons-legitimate complaints about indulgences and other Church problems; excommunication. Henry's reasons-his annulments denied; pope's political maneuvers. |
| How did Protestant teaching cause further divisions in the Christian church? | By emphasizing that all Christians should interpret the Bible for themselves, the Protestants opened the door to many different sets of belief. This led to many different churches. |
| Why was it easier for women to take part in the earlier stages of the Reformation than the later stages? | In the earlier stages, most churches did not have formal leaders who could tell women what to do. Once men began to have formal leadership roles, they did not want tos hare their authority with women. |
| Which of the steps taken by Popes Paul III and Paul IV to reform the Catholic Church do you think wre wise? Which were unwise? Explain. | Wise--Calling the council of cardinals and the Council of Trent helped clarify the Catholic position on controversial issues; approving the Jesuits helped combat Protestantism and spread Catholicism. Unwise--Using the Inqueisition may have made martyrs out of Protestants; creating the Index of Forbidden Books blocked the spread of new ideas. |
| How did the merchant class is northern Italy influence the Renaissance? | Merchants' belief in individual merit would become a recurring theme in the Renaissance; merchants also were patrons of the arts. |
| How did art change during the Renaissance? | Artists chose secular and classical subjects (as well as Christian subjects), painted prominent individuals, glorified the human body, and used new artistic techniques and a more realistic style. |
| How did northern European rulers encourage the spread of Renaissance ideas? | Northern European rulers purchased Renaissance paintings and hired Italian artists and architects tow ork on important projects. |
| How does Albrechts Durer's work reflect Renaissance ideas? | Durer's prints portray both religious and classical subjects. He painted realistic landscapes and a self-portrait. |
| what did Christian humanists set out to do, and what method did they use? | Humanists set out to improve society by writing works that criticized society or described the perfect society. |
| What act by Martin Luther set off the Reformation? | On a church door Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing the selling of indulgences. |
| Why did the Holy Roman Emperor goto war against Protestant German princes? | The Holy Roman Emperor wanted to force the Protesttant German princes to rejoin the Catholic church. |
| How did England establish a state church apart from the Catholic church? | In 1534, Henry VIII assumed control of the English Church with parliament's approval. AFter Mary I tried to restore Catholicism, Elizabeth I persuaded Parliament to set up the Anglican church. |
| What were the main teachings of John Calvin? | Calvin taught that humans were sinful by nature, that God chooses a very few people to save, that God has known since the beginning of time who those few were, and that theocracy was the best government. |
| What role did the Jesuits play in the Catholic Reformation? | Jesuits founded schools throughout Europe, converted non-Christians to Catholicism, and helped stop the spread of Protestantism. |
