| A | B |
|---|
| Civilization of Crete, named after King Minos, believed in trade, Palace of Knossus, first Greek civilization | Minoans |
| Indo-Europeans, first to speak Greek, conquered Greek mainland and Crete, successful sea traders, fought Troy in Trojan War | Myceneans |
| Present-day Turkey, rich in trade, controlled straits, captured Helen to begin war, discovered by Heinrich Schliemann | Trojan |
| Invaders from north, took Greece a step backward, few written records | Dorians |
| Palace of Crete, center of life, shrines and frescoes, labyrinth guarded by the Minotaur | Knossos |
| Largest island of Greece, Aegean Sea, home to Minoans | Crete |
| Blind poet, sang of heroic deeds, wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey | Homer |
| Legend, story, the Iliad and the Odyssey, Written by Homer | Myths |
| Peninsula on which Greece developed | Balkan Peninsula |
| Mountainous peninsula that includes over 1400 islands | Greece |
| Farming, water, isolation | Greek River Valleys |
| Where you live determines how you live | Geographic Determination |
| How Minoans supported trade | Powerful navy |
| Half man, half bull | Minotaur |
| Reasons for Minoan decline | Around 1470 B.C.: earthquakes/volcanic eruptions, covered Knossos in ash, tidal wave, lost trade influence to phoenicians and conquered by the Myceneans |
| Archaeologist who proved the Trojan War true | Heinrich Schliemann |
| Date of Trojan War | 1200 B.C.E. |
| Reasons for Trojan War | Helen kidnapped by Paris, control of Aegean Sea |
| Dark age of Greece | 1150-750 B.C. |
| Home of the gods | Mount Olympus |
| Two Greek city-states | Athens and Sparta |
| Rivalry between Athens and Sparta | Ideological and Cultural |
| Government of Sparta | Monarchy and limited Oligarchy |
| City-state which revolted against Sparta | Messenians |
| Center of Sparta | Military |
| State-owned slaves | Helots |
| Ruler of Athens | Basileus(king) |
| Council of nobles underneath the king | Areopagus |
| Governent of Athens after the Basileus was stripped of power | Oligarchy |
| Primary crop of Athens | Wheat |
| Individual that took charge of Athens in 594 B.C. | Solon |
| Description of Solon | Tyrant |
| two wealthiest(Areopagus), third wealthiest(400-person council), fourth(assembly) | Solon's division of society |
| Oligarchy | Few powerful people rule |
| Democracy | People rule(self/representative) |
| Aristocracy | Small group of "superiors" rule |
| Tyranny | Single person seizes power by force |
| Seven year-old Spartan male | lived in barracks, trained to be soldier |
| Twenty year-old Spartan male | Active military duty |
| Thirty year-old Spartan male | take place in phalanx, allowed to live with family for first time since childhood |
| Sixty year-old Spartan male | Could retire from the reserve unit |
| Government of Sparta | 2 kings(monarchy), 5 ephors(overseers), 28 councilmen(judges), Assembly(males 30-) |
| region of Athens | Attica |
| Focus of Athens | Arts, culture, and religion |
| Government of Athens | Democracy |
| Full reign of Athenian government | Monarchy, aristocracy, tyranny, democracy |
| Start of the Persian Wars | Athens and Sparta faced invasion from Persians |
| Battle of Marathon | 490 B.C.: Athenians(10000 men) awaited Persians(25-60000 men), with a close Athenian win which made Athens defenseless |
| Teller of the Marathon victory | Pheidippedes(delivered message and died) |
| Ruler of Persia at the beginning of the wars | Darius l |
| Son of Darius l and ruler of Persia during the wars | Xerxes |
| Thermopylae | 480 B.C.: after fighting, all soldiers leave except 300 Spartans; Persian victory |
| Battle of Salamis | 480 B.C.: Athenians relied on naval defense near island of Salamis; Xerxes burned Athens to the ground; channel was narrow and 1/3 Persian ships sunk: Spartans defeat Persian remains |
| End of Persian Wars | Salamis |
| 140 city-states led by Athens | Delian League |
| Athenian age of glory and strength | Athenian Golden Age |
| Leader of Golden Age | Pericles |
| Three goals of Pericles | Strengthen Athenian democracy, hold and strengthen "empire", glorify Athens |
| Strengthening Athenian Democracy | Increased number of paid officials, more citizens engaged-Direct Democracy(but limited) |
| Holding and Strengthening Athenian Empire | Used money from Delian League to build navy, more ships meant more trade |
| Glorifying Athens | Bought gold, ivory, silver, and marble, built Parthenon(city had been burned) |
| Athenian Art | Classical art, greek drama |
| Classical Athenian Art | Greek values of order, balance, and proportion |
| Greek Drama | Built theater, had two kinds: tragedy(themes like, love, hate, war, betrayal) and comedy(slapstick situations/crude humor) |
| Sequence after Athenian Golden Age | Spartans and Athenians go to war, Peloponnesian War |
| Reasons for Peloponnesian War | Hostilities had been building for years, leaders actually pressed war instead of discouraging it |
| Date of Peloponnesian War | 431 B.C.: Athens had strongest navy(Pericles avoided land battle), Sparta the army(marched on Athens but could not penetrate walls) |
| Two Disastrous events for Athens | Plague(killed 2/3 pop. of 415) and Athenian army was soundly defeated trying to defeat Syracuse |
| Results of Peloponnesian War | Athens lost its power after 27 years of war, faith in democracy had weakened |
| Two Basic Philosophical Principals | Universe(land, sea, sky) is put together in an orderly way and is subject to uniform unchanging sets of laws, and man has ability to understand these laws through logic and reason |
| Three Greek Philosophers | Socrates, Plato, Aristotle |
| Socrates | Absolute standards for truth and justice- put to death |
| Plato | Student of Socrates, wrote The Republic, founded The Academy |
| Aristotle | Student of Plato- provided basis for scientific method tutored |
| 5th century B.C. historian, recorded account of the Persian Wars | Herodotus |
| Recorder of the Athenian Plague | Thucydides |
| Origination of the plague | Ethiopia, beyond Egypt |
| Symptoms of the plague | Intense heat, sneezing, hoarseness, restlessness, diarheea |
| Sophocles | Greek playwright born during the Persian Invasions, associated with Pericles, Socrates, and Herodotus |
| Author of Antigone, Oedipus Rex, and Electra | Sophocles |
| Most important Greek dramatist before Sophocles | Aeschylus |
| Leader who urged Athens to build warships | Themistocles |
| Encouraged the cultural growth of Athens through public festivals | Aspasia |
| Advancements of Greek sculpture | Naturalize human figure, perfect the human form, from 1-dim to 2-dim, realistic and lifelike |
| Why the Greeks were able to perfect sculpture | Balance, order, and proportion |
| Three main periods of Greek Sculpture | Archaic(c.700BC-480BC), Classical(480BC-323BC)after wars, Hellenistic(323 BC-31 BC) |
| Influences of Hellenistic Culture | Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian |
| Three types of columns | Dorian, Ionic, Corinthian |
| Most famous Greek Temple | Parthenon |
| Location of Parthenon | Acropolis |
| Greatness of Alexander | Never at a very young age |
| Relationship between Greece and Macedonians | Similar language, climate, geography, Macedonia looked down upon |
| How Philip l shaped Alexanders' legacy | Gave him a military background |
| How Alexander defeated Persian forces | Phalanx |
| Region in Northern Greece | Macedonia |
| Center of Hellenistic Culture | Alexandria, Egypt |
| Where both armies meet | Issus |
| Warned the Greeks of the Macedonians | Demosthenes |
| Hellenistic Science and Technology | Astronomy, Math and Physics |
| Hellenistic Astronomy | Aristarchus, Ptolemy, Erasthones |
| Aristarchus | Sun is 300 times larger than Earth, proved Earth revolved around the Sun, other astronomers did not agree |
| Said Earth was center of universe, lasts a while | Ptolemy |
| Became king of Macedonia, controlled Greek city-states | Antigonous |
| Ptolemy | Seized Egypt, took title of Pharaoh |
| Took most of old Persian empire | Seleucus |
| Calculated Earth's true size | Erasthones |
| Hellenistic Math and Physics | Euclid and Archimedes |
| 465 geometric propositions and truths | Euclid |
| Calculated Pi, physical laws, lever, pulley, Archimedes screw, raised water from the ground | Archimedes |
| Founded by Zeno, divine power controlled the universe, proposed that people live in harmony with nature, focus on what you can control | Stoics |
| Founded by Epicureas, universe made up of atoms and controlled by Gods not interested in humans, believed one should achieve harmony of body and mind | Epicureans |
