| A | B |
|---|
| Crete | Island off the coast of Greece |
| Nile River | Major river in Egypt |
| Harappan | Large ancient of the Indus civilization located in present day Pakistan |
| Gupta Empire | Empire during the Golden Age of India known for mathematic and artistic advancements |
| Athens | Greek city state that focused on democracy |
| polytheistic | belief in many gods |
| Punic Wars | Series of wars between Rome & Carthage |
| Egyptians | Ancient civilization located near the Nile River best known for building the pyramids |
| Sumerians | Ancient civilization located between the Tigris & Euphrates Rivers |
| Muslims | followers of Islam |
| Greeks | Ancient civilization located in the Aegean Sea with city states such as Athens & Sparta |
| Romans | Civilization located on the Italian peninsula; empire covered most of the ancient world; empire later split into Byzantine Empire |
| Vikings | Scandanavian people whose sailors raided Europe during the Middle Ages |
| pyramids | Tombs built by the Egyptians because of their belief in an afterlife |
| Causes of the 100 Years War | Rivalry between England & France |
| Effects of the Black Death | Impacted the entire world; broke down normal life; negative impact of people's faith; negative economic effects |
| Effects of the Crusades | Increased trade and expansion of European economies; increased the power of monarchs & the pope; increased hostility between Muslims, Christians & Jews |
| Motivations for the Crusades | To recapture control of the Holy Land from the Muslims |
| manor | Associated with feudalism; a lord's estate |
| Rome's Greatest Achievements | Political: Senate, veto, republice, code of laws, trial by jury Technology: roads & aqueducts |
| Political reasons for the fall of Rome | Corruption; govt. lost support of the people; civil wars; division of the empire |
| Military reasons for the fall of Rome | Weak/corrupt leaders; barbarian invasions; weakened Roman army |
| Caesar Augustus | Laid the foundation for a stable govt. in Rome; civil service and census |
| Julius Caesar | Grew powerful from military victories; crossed the Rubicon; started a civil war; killed by Brutus |
| Buddhism | Religion that began in India and spread to China |
| Hinduism | Polytheistic religion that began in India |
| dynastic cycle | cycle of rulers in China focused on their rise and fall of rule |
| Indus River | major river in India |
| Yellow River | major river in China |
| Tigris & Euphrates Rivers | Major rivers in Mesopotamia |
| Sparta | Greek city state that focused on their military |
| Confucius | wise man who started the religion of Confucianism |
| Daoism | Major religion in China that believed in balance (yin yang) |
| Trojan War | war that started with the kidnapping of Helen of Troy |
| Persian War | Athens and Sparta worked together to fight the Persians |
| Alexander the Great | Conquered much of the known world at the time; never lost a battle; created the Hellenistic Age |
| Alexandria | city named after Alexander the Great; center of learning |
| Jesus | spread Christianity; killed for his beliefs |
| Muhammed | prophet of Islam |
| democracy | Athens form of govt; govt. by the people |
| republic | people elect representatives to vote for them in the Roman govt. |
| Magna Carta | the great charter approved by the king of England in 1215; it limited royal power and established certain rights |
| capital | money |
| dictatorship | rule by one person |
| monarchy | where a king or queen rules; common in Europe |
| Hammurabi | Babylonian king that created a code of laws including "an eye for an eye" |
| Ramses II | great pharaoh in Egypty |
| Abraham | founder of Judaism |
| Socrates | Greek philosopher who sought the truth by asking questions |
| Hatshepsut | Female ruler of Egypt |
| Pythagoras | Greek mathematician |
| monsoon | heavy winds and rain in India |
| Ares | Greek god of war |
| Hannibal | Carthaginian general who crossed the Alps w/elephants during the Punic Warts |
| Justinian | Ruler of the Byzantine Empire; created the Justinian Code |
| Hebrews | followers of Judaism |
| martyr | someone who dies for their faith |
| monotheism | belief in one god |
| epidemic | a disease that spreads across a territory such as the Black Death |
| Aristotle | Greek philosopher who taught Alexander the Great |
| excommunication | to kick out of a church in town |
| feudalism | during the middle ages this system gave everyone a job |
| serf | farmers during the middle ages |
| patrician | people of rome that took part in the government |
| census | counting the population |
| causes for the fall of rome | political-corrupt rulers; military-poorly trained army; economic-taxes; social-people were not loyal to the government |
| bureaucracy | government |
| civilization | group of people who live in one area |
| papal authority | power of the church and the pope |
| imperialism | one country taking over another country |
| caste | in traditional Indian society, an unchangeable social group a person is born into |
| papal authority | the claim of medieval popes that they had authority over secular rulers |
| civilization | a complex, highly organized social order |
| bureaucracy | aspect of government that includes different job functions and levels of authority |
| ethics | moral standards of behavior |
| census | population count |
| secular | having to do with worldy rather than religious matters |
| serf | a peasant bound to the land |
| vernacular | the everyday language of ordinary people |
| diaspora | spreading of the Jews beyond their historic homeland |
| Hippocrates | Greek physician who studied causes & cures for illnesses; today doctors take an oath bearing his name |
| imperialism | domination by one country of the political, economic & cultural life of another country or region |
| Mesopotamia | region within the Fertile Crescent; site of earliest civilizations |
| Pythagorus | developed a formula to calculate the relationship between the sides of a right triangle |
| Abraham | father of the Israelite, Christians and Jewish peoples |
| inflation | rise in prices |
| Saint Paul | spread Jesus' teachings |
| Marco Polo | an explorer who set out for China and later wrote books about its civilization |
| Joan of Arc | helped the French drive the English out of France; was burned at the stake |
