| A | B |
|---|
| third estate | poor farmers, common workers, middle class |
| absolute monarchy | france's government before the french revolution |
| american revolution | influenced the start of the french revolution |
| robespierre's excuted | ended the reign of terror |
| storming of the bastille | beginning of the french revolution |
| toussaint l'ouverture | led revolution against france for haiti's independence |
| maximilien robespierre | jacobin who led the reign of |
| napoleon became dictator | ended french revolution in 1799 |
| guillotine | execution machine |
| french independence day | fall of the bastille |
| louis XIV and marie antoinette | king and queen of france at the start of the revolution |
| causes of the french revolution | spread of enlightenment, people without rights, france in debt |
| liberalism and nationalism | ideas the congress of vienna wanted to crush |
| code of napoleon | basis of european law codes, implemented throughout empire, gave people equal rights |
| liberalism | changes to government, favored a republic or constitutional monarchy, supporters of the revolutions |
| boundaries redrawn by congress of vienna | to prevent growth of nationalism |
| st. helena | naploeon exiled and died in 1821 |
| scorched earth policy | russians burned supplies, shelter and food |
| nationalism | people who share the same culture and ethnicity |
| reasons for napoleonic wars | to conquer europe, spread ideas of the french revolution, expand his empire |
| battle of waterloo | ended napoleon reign |
| napoleon controlled | france, western, central and southern europe |
| consulate | government installed by napoleon after the directory |
| congress of vienna | caused discontent throughout europe |
| nationalism | force behind european politics in the 19th century |
| through legislation | british expand political rights |
| revolutions of 1848 failed | because diveded over their goals and policies |
| gluseppe garibaldi | overthrew governments of sicilies |
| italian peninsula unified except | rome and papal states |
| pope | against unifying italian states |
| count camillo di cavour | architect of italian unification |
| barriers to italian unification | geography, foreign controlled lands, pope |
| prussia | led unification process in germany |
| otto von bismarck | led prussial in its efforts to unify germany |
| realpolitik | to justify political actions which use all means to achieve and hold power |
| nationalist | to achieve unification in germany, bismarck appealed to this sentiment |
| in 1870 prussia was eager to go to was with france | war with france would help unite germany |
| franco-prussia war | helped unify the german people |
