| A | B |
|---|
| physiology | study of biologcial function - how the body works |
| homeostasis | maintaining internal balance and consistency |
| negative feedback loop | a response mechanism; the action of the effector decreases the response thus decreasing the effectors activity |
| positive feedback loop | a response mechanisms; action of effector increases the response of the effector |
| sensors | areas of the body that detect changes in teh normal condition (set point) |
| set point | range of normal conditions in body |
| integration center | part of body that sensors send information here; this responds by increasing or decreasing effector activity |
| effector | cells that receive info from integration center to increase or decrease activity to help get back to homeostasis; usually a muscle or gland |
| dynamic constancy | conditions are stabilized above and below the set point; can be measured |
| intrinsic regulation | integration center is within the organ being regulated |
| extrinsic regulation | integration center is outside of the organ by nervous or endocrine system |
| hormones | chemical regulators (messengers) of the endocrine system |
| target organs | organs that receive the message from the hormone |
| negative feedback inhibition | closed-loop control system in which effects of effectors lower response; example - blood sugar regulation |
| histology | study of tissues |
| muscle tissue | skeletal, cardiac, and smoot |
| skeletal muscle | striated, voluntary |
| myoblasts | young muscle cells |
| myofibrils | skeletal muscle fibers or cells |
| myocardial cells | cardiac (heart) muscle cells |
| intercalated discs | areas of contact between cardiac cells that conducts the cardiac cells impulse from one to another |
| smooth muscle | nonstriated, involuntary muscle; found in digestive system, blood vessels, bronchioles, other ducts |
| lumen | cavity or hole (ex. in intestines) |
| peristalsis | smooth muscle contractions of digestive system |
| nervous tissue | consist of neurons and neuroglial cells |
| cell body | metabolic center (chemical reactions) occur in this part of the neuron |
| dendrites | part of neuron that receives impulse (input) from other dendrites |
| axons | part of neuron that conducts impulse to another neuron or effector (muscle or gland) |
| epithelial tissue | forms membranes and glands |
| exocrine gland | gland with ducts (tubes) |
| endocrine gland | gland without ducts - these produce hormones |
| squamous | flattened epithelial cells |
| cuboidal | square shaped cells |
| columnar | rectangular shaped cells |
| simple | one layer of epithelial cells |
| stratified | more than one layer of epithelial cells |
| psuedostratified | irregular shaped cells; looks like stratified but really is simple |
| ciliated | cells with small hairs to move materials passed the cell |
| keratin | protein that makes some epithelial cells water-resisant; cells with keratin are keratinized or cornified |
| goblet cells | cells of epithelial tissue that secretes mucus |
| basement membrane | layer of polysaccarhides and proteins that attaches the epithelial tissue to connective tissue |
| acini | clusters within exocrine glands that secrete substances |
| connective tissue | tissue with large amounts of extracellular material between the cells |
| types of connective tissue | connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood |
| adipose | fat tissue |
| chondrocytes | cartilage cells |
| adipocytes | fat cells |
| osteocytes | bone cells |
| stem cells | cells that have not differentiated (changed into a certian type) |
| germ layers | ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
