| A | B |
|---|
| electons | negative charged particle; occupies space outside nucleus of atom in |
| proton | positively charged particle in atom's nucleus |
| neutron | no charge on this particle in atom's nucleus |
| covalent bonds | bond in which electrons are shared; causes atoms to stick together |
| nonpolar | type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally; no charge on molecule |
| polar | electrons are not shared equally; slight + and - charges on ends of molecule |
| ionic bond | atoms lose of gain electrons; creates ions that are attracted to each other |
| hydrophilic | water loving; molecules that are polar like water (water is polar too) |
| hydrophobic | do not like water; these molecules are nonpolar and not attracted to water |
| hydrogen bonds | bonds between a slightly + charged hydrogen and another - charged portion of a molecule |
| hydroxide ion | OH- |
| hydrogen ion | H+ |
| neutral | equal numbers of H+ and OH- ions in solution (like water) |
| acid | molecule that releases H+ (protons); increases H+ ions in a solution |
| base | molecule tht increases OH- ions or takes up H+ ions (proton acceptor) |
| pH | scale that measures the concentration of H+ ions |
| pH of 0 - 6.9 | acidic |
| pH of 7 | neutral |
| pH of 7.1 - 14 | alkaline or basic |
| buffers | molecules that act to prevent changes in H+ concentration and stabilze pH |
| buffer pair | carbonic acid and bicarbonate in blood |
| carbonic acid | give up free H+ ions to increase pH when blood gets too basic |
| bicarbonate | takes up excess H+ ions when the blood gets too acidic |
| acidosis | pH og blood falls below 7.35 |
| alkalosis | blood pH above 7.45 |
