| A | B |
|---|
| encomienda | the right to demand labor or taxes from Native Americans living on the land; provided workers for colonists |
| Indians | lowest class; they were treated as conquered people and kept in poverty |
| Hawkins and Drake | pirates that robbed ships |
| sea dogs | pirates |
| New Netherland | along Hudson River; a Dutch colony |
| colony | a group of people who settle in a distant land and are ruled by the government of their native land |
| Mississippi | Father of the Waters |
| coureurs de bois | runners of the woods; French colonists were trappers and traders; learned from Native Americans how to trap and survive in the woods |
| caravel | new type of ship of Portuguese to sail south; it could sail against the wind |
| Protestant Reformation | divided Christians in Europe between Catholic and Protestant; also split protestants |
| astrolabe | measures positions of stars; used to figure out latitude at sea |
| magnetic compass | from Arabs; helped ship captains find their way |
| serf | peasant who worked for the Lord; could not leave without permission |
| manor | included Lord's castle, peasants' huts, and surrounding villages or fields; most everything needed was in the manor |
| Northwest Passage | waterway through or around North America; not one found |
| feudalism | system of rule by Lords who owe loyalty to a king |
| plantation | large estates farmed by many workers; thousands of Native Americans died from overwork on plantations and in mines |
| mestizos | people of mixed Spanish and Indian background; worked on farms and ranches by Creoles |
| Creole | second highest social class; born in America to Spanish parents; teachers, lawyers, farmers, and ranchers |
| peninsulares | top of social scale; sent from Spain by government to rule the colonies; had high jobs in government and church |
| mission | religious settlements run by Catholic priests and friars; forced Indians to live and work on them |
| Saint Augustine | only settlement in the borderlands in the first 100 years; missionaries moved into Arizona and California |
| presidio | forts with high walls where soldiers lived; inside were shops, stables for horses, and storehouses for food |
| pueblo | towns that were centers of farming and trade; had plaza in the middle for gathering |
| conquistador | Spanish conqueror; came to America in search of glory, gold, and god; set up an empire |
| Laws of the Indies | the laws state how the colonies of New Spain and Peru should be 1) organized and ruled; 2) how conquered Indians should be ruled; 3) allowed three kinds of settlements in New Spain |
| 3 Types of Settlements in New Spain | 1) pueblos, 2) presidios, and 3) missions |
| Four Social Classes of New Spain | 1) peninsulares, 2) creoles, 3) mestizos, and 4) Indians |
| Spanish Borderlands | present day United States from Florida to California |
| crusades | 1100-1300; European Catholics fought wars to gain control of the Holy Land from the Muslims |
| results of the crusades | 1) Catholics did not get Holy Land; 2) Europeans traveled and ate strange food, 3) brought things back from different parts of the world, and 4) started new trade |
