| A | B |
|---|
| biomechanics | "the application of the laws of mechanics to animate motion." "the study of forces acting on and generated within a body and the effects of these forces on tissues, fluid or materials used for the diagnosis, treatment or research purposes." |
| superior/inferior | above/below |
| lateral/medial | away from/towards the midline of the body |
| anterior/posterior | in front of/in back of |
| proximal/distal | near/away from the point of origin or attachment |
| dorsal/volar | pertaining to the back/front |
| pronation | A rotation of the forearm that moves the palm from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position, or palm facing down. This is not medial rotation as this must be performed when the arm is half flexed |
| supination | the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly, or palm facing up. The hand is supine (facing anteriorly) in the anatomical position |
| how movement is referenced | from the anatomical position in a plane and about an axis |
| z axis | vertical |
| Y axis | anterior/posterior |
| X axis | medial/lateral |
| cardinal planes | 3 planes that intersect at right angles at he center of mass |
| flexion/extension | occurs in the sagittal plane about the medio-lateral axis. Flexion=rotation away from vertical axis (clockwise). extension is counterclockwise toward the vertical axis |
| abduction/adduction | occurs in frontal plane about the antero-posterior axis. adduction is a counterclockwise rotation away from the vertical axis, abduction is clockwise about vertical axis |
| internal/external rotation | occurs in horizontal plane about the vertical axis. internal rotation is rotating counterclockwise and external rotation is clockwise |
| fundamental movements of segment vs. a joint | -fundamental movements of a segment relate the segment motion only to rotation about an axis in a plane.-fundamental movements of a joint relate the rotations of one segment to the rotation of another segment |
| Z-X plane | frontal (cuts into front and back) |
| Z-Y plane | sagittal (cuts into left and right side) |
| X-Y plane | transverse (cuts into top and bottom) |
