| A | B |
|---|
| Central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, and a side group | amino acids |
| monomers of proteins | amino acids |
| monomers of carbohydrates | monosaccharides |
| monomers of nucleic acids | nucleotides |
| a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base | nucleotide |
| number of amino acids humans need in their diet | 8 |
| a reaction that joins 2 monomers | a dehydration or condensation reaction |
| a reaction that breaks apart a polymer | hydrolysis |
| the characteristic that all lipids share | hydrophobia |
| approximate amount of carbohydrates humans need each day | 125 to 175 grams |
| amount of energy protein has per gram | 4 kcal (Cal) per gram |
| amount of energy fat has per gram | 9 kcal (Cal) per gram |
| amount of energy carbohydrates have per gram | 4 kcal (Cal) per gram |
| locations of stored glycogen in the human body | liver and muscle |
| basal metabolic rate | rate at which energy is used while resting |
| organic molecules humans need in small amounts | vitamins |
| substance needed by an enzyme for normal activity | cofactor |
| an organic cofactor | coenzyme |
| water-soluble vitamins | C and the B complex vitamins |
| fat-soluble vitamins | A, D, K, and E |
| vitamins that are excreted in urine | water-soluble vitamins |
| vitamins that secreted in fat | fat-soluble vitamins |
| vitamin C purpose | connective tissue synthesis |
| vitamin C deficiency can lead to | scurvy |
| scurvy symptoms | bleeding gums, breakdown of teeth, skin, and blood vessels |
| B complex vitamins purpose | coenzymes in cellular respiration |
| vitamin A purpose | synthesis of visual pigment of eye |
| vitamin A deficiency can lead to | night blindness |
| vitamin D purpose | calcium absorption (and others) |
| vitamin D deficiency can lead to | rickets disease |
| rickets symptoms | softening of bones, bowing of bone |
| vitamin E purpose | major anti-oxidant |
| vitamin K purpose | synthesis of a blood clotting factor |
| inorganic molecules humans need in small amounts | minerals |
| organic | carbon-based |
| major functions of calcium in humans | building bone, muscle contractions |
| major functions of phosphorus in humans | building bone, ATP, nucleic acids, cell membranes |
| major functions of potassium in humans | nerve function, osmotic pressure inside the cell |
| major function of sodium in humans | osmotic pressure outside the cell |
| chlorine is a part of these fluids | gastric juice and cerebrospinal fluid |
| magnesium function in the human body | cofactor in cellular respiration |
| inorganic molecules humans need in tiny amounts | trace minerals |
| some trace minerals | iron, iodine, zinc |
| Iron purpose | carries oxygen, component of the electron transport system |
| Iodine purpose | thyroid function |
| Iodine deficiency result | goiters |
| zinc purpose | cofactor in cellular respiration |
| malnourishment | don't receive particular nutrients in sufficient amounts |
| undernourishment | aren't receiving enough fuel |
| overnourishment | are receiving too much fuel |
