| A | B |
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| what are genes? | Its a DNA strand that codes for a trait |
| what is RNA? | a chain of nucleotides roles of gene expression and copying genes |
| Majoir funtion of RNA? | is to carry the information from DNA in the cell's nucleus into the body of the cell, to use the genetic code to assemble proteins |
| what is protien synthesis? | is the process by which individual cells construct proteins. Both deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and all types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) are involved in this process |
| three types of RNA? describe | tRNA, mRNA ,RNA. tRNA: The tRNA reads the code and carries the amino acid to be incorporated into the developing protein.75 nucleotides, three of which are called anticodons, and one amino acid. mRNA:contains the information on the primary sequence of amino acids in a protein to be synthesized. RNA:The ribosome serves as the site and carries the enzymes necessary for protein synthesis |
| What is transcription? | the synthesis of RNA using a molecule of DNA as the blueprint. DNA and RNA use a complementary biochemical language, so there is a corresponding RNA nucleotide for each DNA nucleotide |
| what is tranlation? | part of the "Central Dogma" of how proteins are made. In transcription, DNA is copied and a strand of mRNA is produced. The bases of the mRNA are then "read" or translated, three at a time. Each set of three bases codes for a certain amino acid. A new chain of amino acids forms as the mRNA bases are read. The chain of amino acids folds in a set way and becomes a new polypeptide (protein) |
| were does trascription take plsace? | in the nucleus |
| what is the promoter region of a gene? | acting as a controlling element in the expression of that gene |
| what is the coding region of a gene? | Regions of DNA/RNA sequences that code for proteins. Usually starts with a start codon (ATG) and ends with a stop codon. |
| what is the termination sequence? | the letters stop |
| what is mRNA polymearace? | are enzyme complexes that synthesize RNA molecules using DNA as a template, in the process known as transcription. Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to the DNA double helix. |
| mRNA formed? | Transcription. Uses DNA template. RNA polymerase makes a copy of a gene from the DNA to mRNA as needed. |
| how does ribosomes read the mRNA? | The mRNA contains the 'genetic code', which consists of triplet codons that are complementary to the anticodon loop of various tRNAs that have amino acids attached. mRNA is threaded through the ribosome, the tRNA matching a given codon comes in and pairs with that codon, the amino acid contained on that codon is added to the polypeptide chain. This continues until a codon is reached for which there is no amino acid. In this case, the ribosome will fall off the mRNA and the polypeptide chain will be released, as a complete protein. |
| were does mRNA go and were does tranlation take place? | mRna leave nucleus and goes to cytoplasm. the tranlation takes place in the ribosomes |
| what is an anticondon? | sequence (three base pairs) of the tRNA that is complementary to the matching three base pairs on the mRNA. also matched with an amino acid. |
| role of a tRNA? | carry the correct amino acid to the mRNA on the ribosome during protein synthesis (translation). |
| how to use codon charts? | the first letter in the codon is located on the left hand side of the chart. The second letter is at the top of the chart. Find when these two letter intersect. Then look at the third letter. It is found on the right hand side of the chart, in the box where one and two intersect. That should give you the name of the amino acid that is made when that codon is read during protein synthesis. |
| gene mutation? | permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. Mutations range in size from a single DNA building block (DNA base) to a large segment of a chromosom |
| two types of gene mutaion? | disappear when the cell in which it occurred, or its owner, diesis soma and germline is so if the owner is able to become a parent, that mutation will pass down to yet another generation |
| what are chromosomal mutation? | chromosomal mutation involving a long segment of DNA. These mutations can involve deletions, insertions, or inversions of sections of DNA. In some cases, deleted sections may attach to other chromosomes, disrupting both the chromosomes that loses the DNA and the one that gains it. Also referred to as a chromosomal rearrangement. |
| what is the signifigance of mutations? | influenced by the distinction between germline and soma. |
