| A | B |
|---|
| learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
| associative learning | learning that certain events occur together, the events may be two stimuli (cc) or a response and its consequences (oc) |
| classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events |
| behaviorism | the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes |
| unconditioned response | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus |
| unconditioned stimulus | a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally and automatically, triggers a response |
| conditioned response | the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus |
| conditioned stimulus | an orginally irrelevant stimulus that, after association withan unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger an conditioned response |
| acquisition | the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins to triggering the conditioned response |
| higher-ordering conditioning | a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paried with a neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus |
| extinction | the weakening of a CR when the CS is no longer followed by the US, or when no reinforcement follows the behavior |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance of an extinguished CR after a rest period |
| generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the original CS to evoke a CR |
| discrimination | refers to the ability to distinguish the CS from similar stimuli that do not signal a US, for operant it is when you respond differently to stimuli that signal a behavoir will be reinforced or will not be reinforced |
| respondent behavior | that which occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
| operant conditioning | type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
| operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
| law of effect | E.L. Thorndike states that behaviors followed by favorable consequences are likely to recur, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely to occur |
| operant chamber | Skinner box, experimental chamber for the operant conditioning of an animal sucha as a pigeon or rat. The controlled environment enables the investigator to present visual or auditory stimuli, deliver reinforcement or punishment, and precisely measure simple responses such as bar presses or key pecking |
| shaping | operant conditioning procedure for establishing a new response by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior |
| reinforcer | any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
| positive reinforcer | strengthens the response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after that response |
| negative reinforcer | strengthens a response removing an aversive stimulus after that response |
| primary reinforcers | inborn and do not depend on learning |
| conditioned reinforcers | stimuli that acquire their reinforcing power through their association with primary reinforcers, also called secondary reinforcers |
| continuous reinforcement | the operant procedure of reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
| partial reinforcement | reinforcing a response intermittently |
| fixed-ratio schedule | reinforcement is presented after a set number of responses |
| variable-ratio schedule | reinforcement is presented after a varying number of responses |
| fixed-interval schedule | a response is reinforced after a specific time has elapsed |
| variable-interval schedule | responses are reinforced after varying intervals of time |
| punishment | the presentation of an aversive stimulus which decreases the behavior it follows |
| cognitive map | a mental picture of one's environment |
| latent learning | learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but only becomes apparent when there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| intrinsic motivation | desire to perform a behavior for its own sake, rather than for some external reason, and to be effective |
| extrinsic motivation | the desire to perform a behavior in order to obtain a reward or avoid a punishment |
| observational learning | learning by watching and imitating the behavior of others |
| modeling | process of watching and then imitating a specific behavior and is thus an important means through which observational learning occurs |
| mirror neurons | in the frontal lobe, the neural basis for observational learning, these neurons generate impulses when certain actions are performed or when another individual who performs those actions is observed |
| prosocial behavior | opposite of antisocia, it's positive, helpful, and constructive and is subject to the same principles of observational learning as is undesirable behavior |
