| A | B |
|---|
| Dislocation | displacement of a bone from its normal articulation with a joint |
| Subluxation | partial dislocation from a joint |
| Ankylosis | stiffness, immobility and fixation of a joint due to disease, injury, or condition such as rheumatoid arthritis |
| Ataxia | inability to perform coordinated movements |
| Bursa | enclosed sac filled with viscous fluid located in joint areas of potential friction |
| Contracture | shortening of a muscle leading to limited ROM of joint |
| Dupuytren's contracture | flexion contractures of the fingers due to chronic hyperplasia of the palmar fascia |
| Goniometer | instrument to measure joint angles |
| Crepitation | palpable crunching or grating that accompanies movement (occurs with articular surfaces of joints are roughened) |
| Articulation | joining of bones at a joint |
| Ganglion cyst | round, cystic, nontender nodule overlying a tendon sheath or joint capsule, usually on dorsum of wrist |
| Hallux valgus | lateral or outward deviation of the toe |
| Subcutaneous nodules | raised, firm, nontender nodules beneath skin - common at olecranon bursa and along extensor surface of ulna with RA |
| Kyphosis | convex curvature fo the thoracic spine ("hunchback") |
| Ligament | fibrous bands running directly from one bone to another bone that strengthens the joint |
| Lordosis | inward or concave curvature of the lumbar spine (common with pregnancy, muscular dystrophy, and rickets) |
| Nucleus pulposus | center fo the intervertebral disc |
| Olecranon process | bony projection of the ulna at the elbow |
| Patella | kneecap |
| Plantar | surface fo the sole of the foot |
| Thenar eminence | rounded mound of palm proximal to the thumb |
| Ulnar deviation | drift of fingers toward ulnar side (common in RA) |
| Range of Motion (ROM) | extent of movement of a joint |
| Heberden's nodes | hard nontender cartilaginous or bony enlargement of distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint of fingers - may be seen with osteoarthritis |
| Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | chronic systemic inflammatory disease of joints and surrounding connective tissue |
| Sciatica | nerve pain along the course of the sciatic nerve that travels down from the back or thigh through the leg and into the foot |
| Scoliosis | S-shaped curvature fo the thoracic spine |
| Bouchard's nodes | hard nontender cartilaginous or body enlargement of a proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint of a finger - may be seen with osteoarthritis |
| Talipes equinovarus | congenital deformity of the foot in which it is plantar flexed and inverted (clubfoot) |
| Tendon | strong fibrous cord that attaches skeletal muscle to a bone |
| Torticollis | contraction of the cervical neck muscles, producing torsion of the neck (wryneck) |
| Phalen's test | test for carpal tunnel syndrome - holding hands back to back with wrists flexed at 90 degress produces numbness and burning |
| Tinel's sign | direct percussion of median nerve in wrist - burning and tingling along its distribution indicated carpal tunnel syndrome |
| Genu varum | space between the knees is > 2.5 cm when medial malleoli are together "bow-legs" |
| Genu valgum | > 2.5 cm between medial malleoli when knees are together "knock knees" |
| Bulge sign | tests for effusion in suprapatellar pouch |
| McMurray test | test for a torn meniscus |
| Herniated nucleus pulposus | Weakness or tear in annulus of intervertebral disc allows nucleus pulposus to herniate and press on spinal nerve roots |
| Metatarsus varus | adduction and inversion of forefoot |
| Polydactyly | presence of extra fingers or toes |
| Syndactyly | webbing between adjacent fingers or toes |
| Simian crease | Single palmar crease (occurs with Down syndrome) |
| Pes planus | lack of arch "flat foot" |
| Osteoarthritis | degenerative joint disease |
| Osteophytes | formation of new bone at joint surfaces (bone spurs) - seen with osteoarthritis |
| Osteoporosis | decrease in skeletal bone mass due to bone resorption greater than bone formation |
| Joint effusion | swelling from excess fluid in joint capsule |
| Adhesive capsulitis | fibrous tissue forms in joint capsule of shoulder causing stiffness and paint ("frozen shoulder") |
| Lateral epicondylitis | pain at lateral epicondyle of humerus that radiates down extensor surface of forearm - occurs secondary to activities of excessive pronation and supination of forearm with extended wrist (tennis elbow) |
| Gout (gouty arthritis) | caused by sodium urate crystal deposition in joints and tissues causing pain, redness, localized heat. Common site is great toe. |
| Swan-neck deformity | deformity common in RA - hyperextension at PIP joint with flexion contracture at DIP and MCP joint |
| DIP joint | distal interphalangeal |
| PIP joint | proximal interphalangeal |
| MCP joint | metacarpophalangeal joint |
| Butonniere deformity | common deformity of RA - caused by flexion of PIP joint with hyperextension of DIP joint |
| Carpal tunnel syndrome | pain in wrist and hands due to compressin on median nurve between the inelastic carpal ligament and other structures |
| Bursitis | inflammation of bursa |
| Functional scoliosis | not a "true" scoliosis - lateral curvature occurs to compensate for other problems (e.g. short leg) and will disappear when leaning forward |
| Allis test | test for hip dislocation in infant - if dislocated, one knee will be lower when feet are placed flat on table and knees flexed |
| Ortolani maneuver | test for congenital hip dislocation and hip instability |
| Effusion | collection of fluid in a joint space |
