| A | B |
|---|
| What is a zero sum mgame | one in which a gain for one country is inevitably a loss for others. |
| sovereignty | means that countries are not legally answerable to any higher authority for their international or domestic conduct. the most essential characteristic of an international stat. the terms implies political independence froma any higher authority and also suggests that at least theoretical equality. it also means that the world drama has no director who can bring order to the interaction amound the stars. soverignity can be traced back to teh Greeks. as we know it sorverignity developed after the 1648 treaty of westphilia. where in eruope and how the treaty |
| anarchical international system | the traditional structure of world politics in which there is no central authority to set adn enforce rules and resolve disputes. |
| anarchical political system | an anarchical system is one in which there si no central authority to make rules, to enforce rules or to resolve disputes about th actors in the political system. many people believe that a system without central authority is inevitably one either of chaos or one in which the powerful prey on theweak. there is how ever an anarchist political philosophy that contends that the natural tendency of people to cooperate has been corrupted by artificial political, economic, and social institutions. Therefore anarachists believe that the end of these institutions will lead to a cooperative society. |
| balance of power | a concept that describes the degree of equilibruim balance or disequilibruim inmbalance of power in the global or regional system. |
| nation | a group of culturally ahd historically similer people who feel a comercial bond and who feel they should goern themselves to at least some degree. |
| nationalism | the belief that the nation is the ultimate basis of political loyalty and that nations should have self governing states.. a strong blief in ones own ethnicity or culture and a sense of community. nationalism is a factor in pushing to create a state. In the 20th century nationalism was used to break up to many nationalist country's. existing states can create nationalism in two ways. drawing boundaries over time. creating parlament was seen as a national thing to do. |
| power pole | an actor in the international system that has enough military economic, and or other dipomatic stregth to often have an important role in determining the roels and operation of system . power poles or simply poles have have generally been either a signle country or empire or a groupd of countries that constitute and allienc or bloc. |
| state | a political actor that has soverignty and a numberof characteristics including territory, population, organization and recognition. |
| nation state | a politically organized territory that recognizes no higher law adn whose population politically identifies with that entity. |
| realists / neorealists | believe that huamn nature is passamistic, human self interested adn competitive. their core concepts are power conflict. their relalitiy is largely objective. their political stakes are zero sum. their conflict in the system is central and inviyable. their international system is anarchical. main cause of conflict is states puruing conflicting self intterest. the best path to peace is achieve balance of power. the key organizations are states. morality is the national interest is a states moral imperative. political percriptions are to pursue self interest, expand and perserve power. |
| liberals and neo liberals | the human nature is optimistic huamsn capable of enlightened cooperation. core concepts include cooperation indelendence. their reality is largelly objective their politics at stake are non zero sum. conflict in system cental but not invitable. the international system is anarchical but growing order. the main cause of conflict is states pursuing conflicting self interest. they lack the central process to regulate compitition. the best path to peace is. increase independence, cooperation and adherence to interantional law. key organizations IGO's states. the moralit includes define and follow common moral standards. political prescriptions cooperate to achieve muttual interest. |
| the levels of analysis are | individual levels of anaysis meaning the impct of people as individuls or as species on poilcy. 2. state level anaysis how the organization and operation of a goverenment effect policy . 3. system level of anysis the external realities and pressures that influence a country's policy. |
| the different kinds of international actors are | the exsecutive branch usually countrys head of government which is usually the president, the priminister or the premier. A step below this is the political executives such as minister of foirgn affairs, security of state and ministers of defense , security of defense. the degree of affect that the head of state has iclude factors liek cheif of exeutives formal powers, informal powers, and leadership capabliities. |
| formal powers | they are a specific grants of authority that the country constitutes and its statuary ( written) laws given to various laws and institutions. Most of the cheif execuitive are the commander and cheif of their countries armed forces. |
| informal powers | these are the second source of authority for poilitcal execuatives they are easier for pepole to identify with and look for leadership toward the individual then a institution. this givees the president of the united States considerable prestige and influence that cannot be found in the constitution of laws. |
| leadership capabilites | this is the third factor in the political execuatives . This determines how much authority a cheif execuatives gets. these capabilites include administrative skills. this see how well the president manges his immidate staff. legeslative skills the ability in a democratic system to win the support in the legislature. Public persuasion is the ability fo set fourth clear goals and speak well and ohterwise project a positive image that will win public support. finally the intellectual capacity the ability of formulte policy. |
| the system level of anysis is | what one state does is influenced by anohter state. most of the interacting actors are states. anarcial states are responsoble for themselves. all parts of the sytem level of anlysis aer concered with what other countries do. if a state thinks that there is a threat against it the state could act by invading in order to change leadership, get more resources, remove allies or reduce other powers. A state could also talk to find out the actual problem. some countries respoond by what is known as a security delemmia where another country acts as the power above other country's and creates a sprual down effect. |
| status quo means | a country is happy where is is at of stability. |
| revisonist states | trouble is many times coming to that country. |
| hegemonic stabiility or power | a signal country or alliences that is so dominate in the international system that is plays the key role in determining the roles an norms by which the system operates. As the dominate power in the system, it has a central position in both making and enforcing the norms and modes of behavior. |
| frustration agression theory | this theory argues that individuals and even societies tht are frustrate sometinmesbecome agressive. |
| vertica lauthority | this is where subordinate units are substainally regulated by higher levels of authority. |
| horizontial authority | there are few if any higher authorities in such a systems, and the power is fragmented. |
| system level of anysis focusees on | the external resttaints o forign policy this a top down approach to world politics that exaimes the social political- geographics characteristics of the system and how they infleuence the actions of a country and other actors. |
| the number of powerful actors in the international system can be | power poles can be a signal country, or empire. 2. an allience or could be 3. s global IGO such as the UN or 4. a regional IGO, such as the EU. These poles ae particular imporatnt to the realist approach and its concern with teh ablance of power. |
| anohter power actor in the interantionals systems is balanc eof power politics put fourth by the realist | 1. all states ae power seeking. 2. ultimiatlely a state or bloc will attempt to become hegemonic that is dominate the system and 3. other states will attepmt to block that dominace by increasing their own power and or cooperating with ohter statesin an antihegemonic effort. |
| pole is | a nation or groups of nations that have international power. |
| unipoler is always used witht eh zunited States | the central power establishes and enforces rules and dominates military and economic instuments. 2. the central power settles disputes between subordiante units. 23. the central power resits attempts by subordiante units to achieve independence or greater autonomy and may be gradually atttempt to less or eliminate the autonomy of subordinate units. |
| bipoler system two poles | acute hostility between the two poles is the central feature of a bipolar system. 1. try to eliminate the other bloc by undermining it if posible and accepatable . 2. increase power relative to ohter bloc by such tecniques as attempting to bring new members onto your bloc and attempt others from joinging. |
| tripolar system three poles | 1. optiminally try to have good realations with both other players or. minimally try to avoid having hostile realtions with both other players. 2. try to prevent close cooperation between the other two players. |
| mutipolar is four or more poles | oppose any actor or allience that threatens to become hegemonic. this is also the central principle of balance of power politics. 2. optimially increase power and minimally preserve your power. do so by negotiating if possible, by fighting if necessary. 3. even if fighting, do not destabilize the system by destroying other amjor actor. |
| why is it important to know if the parties to a conflict see it as a zero sum situation or not? | xx |
| the terms anarchy adn politics wiothout government have been used to describe the interanational system. why? compare politics at the domestic level adn the international level.. | because anachary basically means no government. where in each country there is a government but the federal government has nonthing ove the federal govenment. two countries and politicals sytems that wnat to do business with each ohter bu do not have a sturcture to do it in. domestic politics concerns itsself with the issues and problems of the people within the country or state. Interantioanl poliitcs concerns itsself with teh interactions between countries. the anarchical system does not mean that the international system is a scene of unchecked chaos. there is an informal hieararchy based on power, with more powerful statesoftern matianing some semibalance of order. morever the internationals systemusally operatesin a resoniable way. this occurs becasue counties find it in their interenst to act according to expectainos. Compareison between domestic and international levels. domestic system rulers that allow legislatatives to form laws such as incomtax previously the mijpority favored this and then applied it to the rest of the country. International level does not have that people have faith in the government and trust the institiutinos to work things out. International doe not have a shared culture. sometimes countries feel alone and havfe the need to act and defend themselves. they do not have a good faith in the international organizations to fix problems. |
| characteristics of unity of a nation | characteristics include ecposparty of the different of sonomic factors, prosparty of different parties of society, the idea of mutual benefits, cultural factors, language, and religious differences. |
| there are six characteristics of a state | people , government, territory, must be soverign, must have domestic support and bea ble to be recognized as a state |
| polarity | a country that has an actor capable of their own action. It could be a signal state, group of states, and can be used at the global level and the regional level. |
| power transcitions | one state is seen as going up in power and the other down in power. |
| neo conservitives | they gained promancy dduring the bush admiistration, they are for promoting freedom adn democracy abraod. more willnes to use force but are reluctent to use international bodies, and they see the the U.S. good goals and has the right to use force. |
| why do states form alliences | states formed aliences because they can be a good source of strength. might end up in a sitution in defending an ally that the state might now want. when one makes an alli one does also make an enemy. powerful countries try and keep smaller countries undercontrol when they are allies. an example could be Austria and Hunry and Russia. britten and Germany. How have alliences patterns changed? they have changed in that alliences use to be permanet thoretically but were changed and abandond alliences are clearly defined. alliences have set timelines. nutural countries have no alliences but that can be their best protection. |
