| A | B |
|---|
| minaret | the tower of a mosque |
| Seljuks | central Asian invaders who adopted Islam and threatened the Byzantine empire |
| Sufi | a Muslim faction that sought communication with God through meditation and fasting |
| sultan | name given to a Seljuk ruler |
| Muhammad al-Razi | physician who studied measles and smallpox |
| Averroes | he put knowledge to the test of reason |
| Avicenna | wrote an encylopedia on disease |
| Dome of the Rock | a shrine built by Muslims in Jerusalem |
| Omar Khayyam | a scholar, astronomer and poet |
| "The Thousand and One Nights" | a collection of Arab tales |
| Babur | an invader who set up the Mughal dynasty |
| Nur Jahan | the wife of Jahangir who ruled Mughal India for her husband |
| Sikhism | a religion that combined Muslim and Hindu beliefs; created by Nanak |
| Taj Mahal | a tomb built by Shah Jahan for his wife |
| Urdu | a language that blended Persian and Hindi |
| Abbas | a shah who revived the glory of ancient Persia |
| Janizaries | they formed the elite branch of the Ottoman army |
| millets | religious communities of non-Muslims |
| Sinan | he designed hundreds of mosques and palaces |
| Abu Bakr | he was the first successor to Muhammad |
| battle of Tours | where Muslim armies were defeated in France |
| Fatima and Ali | Muhammad's daughter and son-in-law |
| Umayyads | family whose dynasty ruled the Islamic world until 750 |
| Abbasids | defeated the Umayyads and formed a dynasty which lasted until 1258 |
| Harun-al Rashid | city of Baghdad reached its peak under his rule from 786 to 809 |
| Tamerlane | Mongol leader who led his armies to victory in Persia and Mesopotamia |
| muezzin | a mosque official who climbed to the top of the minaret to call Muslims to prayer |
| social mobility | the ability to move up in social class |
| arabesque | an intricate design composed of curved lines that suggests floral shapes |
| calligraphy | the art of beautiful handwriting |
| rajahs | local Hindu rulers |
| sultanate | land ruled by a sultan |
| castes | Hindu social groups from which they could not change |
| shah | king |
| Isfahan | new capital city in Persia built by Abbas the Great |
