| A | B |
|---|
| Atahualpa | Incan leader who was killed by the Spanish |
| conquistadors | Spanish conquerors |
| Hernan Cortes | Spaniard who conquered Tenochtitlan |
| Moctezuma | Aztec emperor defeated by the Spanish |
| Francisco Pizarro | conqueror who overtook the Incas in Peru |
| creoles | American-born descendants of Spanish settlers |
| encomiendas | gave the conquistadors permission from the king to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans |
| mestizos | people of both Native American and European descent |
| peninsulares | those born in Spain who were at the top of society in Spanish America |
| plantations | large estates worked by laborers who lived on the premises |
| viceroys | people appointed by the king who ruled the colonies in his name |
| French and Indian War | also known as the Seven Years War in the English colonies |
| Jamestown | where the English built their first permanent colony in North America |
| Mayflower Compact | set out guidelines for governing the Pilgrims' colony |
| Pilgrims | group who came to North America in search of religious freedom |
| Treaty of Paris of 1763 | ended the French and Indian War |
| Asante | ruler who played rival Europeans against each other |
| Boers | Dutch farmers in Africa |
| Usman dan Fodio | inspired a series of uprisings against Hausa rulers |
| Middle Passage | the voyage that took Africans to slavery in the Americas |
| Shaka | Zulu leader who fostered pride in the Zulu kingdom |
| capitalism | the investment of money to make a profit |
| entrepreneur | enterprising merchant |
| inflation | economic cycle in which prices rise |
| joint stock company | arrangement that allowed people to pool large amounts of money for overseas ventures |
| mercantilism | new economic policy aimed at strengthening European monarchies |
| tariff | tax on imported goods |
