| A | B |
|---|
| anesthetic | a drug that prevents pain from surgery |
| enclosure | the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers |
| smelt | separate iron from its ore |
| captial | money to invest in enterprises such as shipping, mines, railroads and factories |
| factory | places that brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods |
| turnpikes | privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them |
| urbanization | the movement of people to the cities |
| tenement | multi-story buildings divided into crowded apartments |
| labor unions | workers' organization that fought for laws to improve working conditions |
| utilitarianism | the idea that the goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" |
| socialism | system where the people as a whole rather than private individuals, would own and operate the businesses |
| means of production | the farms, factories, railways and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods |
| communism | a form of socialism that sees the class struggle between employers and employees as unavoidable |
| proletariat | the working class |
| iron law of wages | when wages were high, families had more children. More children meant higher labor supply which led to lower wages and high unemployment |
