| A | B |
|---|
| Giuseppe Mazzini | the "soul" of Italian unification who helped set up a revolutionary republic in Rome 1849 |
| Risorgimento | Italian nationalist movement |
| Victor Emmanuel II | constitutional monarch of Sardinia |
| Camillo Cavour | the "brains" of Italian unification; a shrewd politician |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | the "sword" of Italian unification; turned over Naples and Sicily to Victor Emmanuel II |
| anarchist | people who want to abolish the government |
| emigration | movement away from one's homeland |
| Francis Joseph | tried to strengthen the Austrian empire by granting a new constitution |
| Dual Monarchy | Austria-Hungary each having its own constitution and parliament, but both under the rule of Francis Joseph |
| Balkan powder keg | Due to infighting between nationalities, Ottoman territories became known as _________________. |
| Ottoman Empire | "the sick man of Europe" |
| Francis Deak | helped work out the compromise that led to the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary |
| Decembrist Revolt | revolt of Russian army officers who demanded a new constitution and other reforms |
| Alexander II | Russian ruler who instituted many reforms |
| Russification | a program aimed at suppressing the cultures of non-Russian peoples within the empire |
| Bloody Sunday | a protest march in front of the czar's Winter Palace; troops were called in and people were killed |
| October Manifesto | document issued by Nicholas II that promised freedom of speech and assembly |
| Peter Stolypin | Russian prime minister who used harsh measures to silence opposition to the government |
| colossus | giant |
| emancipation | freeing of the serfs |
| zemstvos | elected assemblies responsible for matters such as road repair, schools and agriculture |
| pogroms | violent mob attacks |
| Duma | elected national legislature |
| People's Will | revolutionary group that assassinated Alexander II |
| refugee | person who flees his or her homeland to seek safety elsewhere |
