| A | B |
|---|
| James Watson and Francis Crick | discovered the configuration of the DNA molecule |
| Ray White | describes first polymorphic RFLP marker |
| Alec Jeffreys | is credited with DNA profiling using RFLP |
| Kary Mullis | developed PCR |
| FBI | manages CODIS database |
| Where is DNA found | white blood cells, semen, tissue, body fluids |
| DNA Typing/fingerprinting | A method in which DNA is converted into a series of bands that ultimately distinguish each individual. |
| Uses of DNA Profiling | to identify potential suspects, to exonerate individuals, To identify casualty victims, To establish paternity |
| RFLP | When restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA into smaller fragments that can then be separated and characterized for identification |
| PCR | Is a technique used for making copies of a defined segment of a DNA molecule. |
| Advantages of PCR | Only minute amounts of DNA needed, degraded DNA can be used, DNA contaminated by bacteria and fungal sources can be used. |
| Electrophoresis | A technique using an electrical current to move DNA through a gel substance causing DNA strands to sort by size. |
| STR | A method of DNA typing using short DNA sequences of 2 to 5 bases that repeat themselves in the DNA molecule. |
| Advantages of STR | it provides greater discrimination, requires less time, a smaller sample size, DNA is less susceptible to degradation |
| Determining Probability | by increasing the number of alleles on different loci the probability of having two people with the exact combination becomes miniscule. |
| Nuclear DNA | found in the nucleus and constitutes 23 pairs of chromosomes inherited from both parents |
| Mitochondrial DNA | found in the cytoplasm, is inherited only from mother, each cell contains hundreds to thousands of mitochondria, can be found in skeletal remains, analysis of is more rigorous, time consuming and expensive |
| SNPs | single nucleotide polymorphism which measures a one nucleotide change or difference from one individual to another. |
| Restriction enzymes | enzymes found in bacteria which break bonds (cut) in DNA at specific sequences |
| Restriction sites | the specific sequences which tell restriction enzymes where to cut the DNA |
| agarose | The jello-like material used in electorphoresis |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
| RNA | Ribonucleic Acid |
| Nucleic Acid | A long chain of nucleotides |
| Nucleotide | contains a 5 carbon sugar |
| Deoxyribose | 5 carbon sugar found in DNA nucleotides |
| Ribose | 5 carbon sugar found in RNA nucleotides |
| Phosphate group | phosphorous atom bonded to 4 oxygen atoms |
| Nitrogenous Base | nitrogen-rich molecule found in nucleotides |
| Adenine | double ring nucleotide which pairs with thymine |
| Thymine | single ring nucleotide which pairs with adenine |
| Guanine | double ring nucleotide which pairs with cyotsine |
| Cytosine | single ring nucleotide which pairs with guanine |
| sugar-phosphate backbone | how nucleotides are connected to each other to form single strand |
| hydrogen bonds | how two strands of DNA are connected through nitrogenous bases |
| DNA Structure | Sugar-Phosphate backbone Held together by H bonds |
| Complementary pairing | bonding of nucleotides to each other |
