| A | B |
|---|
| self actualization (Rogers) | inborn tendency for us to develop all of our capacities in ways that best maintain and benefit our lives |
| real self | Carl Rogers; based on our actual experiences, represents how we really see ourselves |
| ideal self | Carl Rogers; based on our hopes and wishes, reflects how we would like to see ourselves |
| conditional positive regard | depends on our behaving in certain ways, living up to or meeting the standards of others |
| unconditional positive regard | warmth, acceptance and love that others show us despite that our behavior might not conform to their standards or value |
| hierarchy of needs | Abraham Maslow; Level 1: Physiological Needs; Level 2: Safety Needs; Level 3: Love and Belongingness; Level 4: Esteem Needs; Level 5: Self-Actualization |
| self actualization (Maslow) | fulfillment of ones unique potential |
| projective tests | involves presenting some types of ambiguous stimulus and then asking the subject to describe or make up a story about the stimulus; the person will project conscious or unconscious feelings, needs and motive in his or her response |
| thematic apperception test | TAT involves showing a subject 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations and then asking the subject to make up a story |
| Rorschach Inkblot test | used to assess personality by showing inkblots and then having the subject describe what they see |
| theory of moral reasoning | 1984; Lawrence Kohlberg; presented subjects with dilemmas & had to explain moral decisions |
| preconventional level | stage 1: moral decisions are based primarily on fear of punishment or the need to be obedient; stage 2: moral reasoning is guided most by satisfying ones self interest which may involve making bargains; most children are at this level |
| conventional level | stage 3: moral decisions are guiding most by conforming to the standards of others we value; stage 4: moral reasoning is determined most by conforming to the laws of society; most adolescents/some adults at this level |
| postconventional level | stage 5: moral decisions are made after carefully thinking about all thealternatives and striking a balance between human rights and the laws of society; some adults, but not all, reach this level |
| trait theory | an approach for analyzing the structure of personality by measuring, identifying and classifying similarities and differences in personality characteristics or traits |
| OCEAN | also known as the big 5 supertraits; Openness; Conscientiousness; Extraversion; Agreeableness; Neuroticism |
| stability vs. change | traits are fixed by age 30, after changes are few and small, personality patterns stabilize and become more predictable after age 30, regardless of sex or race |
| Carl Rogers | self theory, real vs. ideal self; positive regard |
| Abraham Maslow | hierarchy of needs |
| Lawrence Kohlberg | Theory of moral reasoning (stages & levels) |
| humanistic approach | personality theories other than Freud's which emphasize change |
