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| Cell Theory | all living things are made of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, living cells produce new living cells, there are some differences between plant and animal cells,cells have small structures inside them called organelles |
| organelles | "little organs", specific structures in cells, that have specific tasks. |
| prokaryote | cells without a nucleus, ie: bacteria |
| eukaryote | "true nucleus" cells with a nucleus, ie.; cheek cell, amoeba, onion cell |
| cell wall | The rigid, nonliving outer layer of a plant cell. Supports and protects the cell. Composed mostly of cellulose secreted by the cytoplasm. |
| cell membrane | "The gatekeeper" The outermost living layer in cells. Helps give shape and support to the cells. Its selectively permeable, regulating the transport of materials in and out of the cell. |
| cytoplasm | The liquid, living contents of the cell outside the nucleus. Helps provide support for cells. Contains most of the cells's organelles. |
| nucleus | "The command center", Controls cells activities. Contains a dense material called chromatin, composed of individual chromosomes. |
| Chromosomes | Composed of DNA (genetic material). Genes located on the chromosomes control synthesis of proteins within the cell and determine heredity |
| Nuclear envelope | Also called Nuclear membrane, Encloses the nuclear material. Contains pores that allow the exchange of materials between nucleus and the cytoplasm. |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | A series of interconnected cavities tat are continous with the nuclear membrane. Serves as the transportation and communication system between cytoplasm and nucleus. Also functions in lipids (fat) synthesis and various metabolic processes. |
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum | Endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes attached to it. |
| Ribosomes | Tiny, knoblike organelles that manufacture protein. In plant and animal cells many are attached to the membrane of ER. Proteins made by ribosomes travel through channels in the ER to other parts of the cell. |
| Golgi bodies | A series of flattened, curved sacs that package, sort, and distribute proteins to the proper locations inside and out of the cell. Located near the ER. |
| Mitochondria | "Powerhouse of the cell", produce ATP- energy. Organelles that break down nutrient molecules to release energy. The more energy needed by a cell the more mitochondria it is likely to have. |
| vacuoles | Membrane enclosed sacs in plant and animal cells that store substances such as food, water, and minerals. In plant cells smaller vacoules merge to form large vacoules. In animal cells they remain small. Some single celled organisms have contractile vacuoles that pump excess water from the cell. |
| lysosomes | Sacs formed by Golgi bodies. Contain digestive enzymes that break down food, which then moves out of the sac into the cytoplasm. Also able to break down worn or damaged cell parts. |
| chloroplasts | Structures in plant cells that contain chlorophyll, whic is necessary for photosynthesis, during which glucose is made. |
| plasmolysis | When water moves out of a cell the cell membrane shrinks away from the cell wall. |
| Nerve cell (neuron) | A specialized animal cell whose function is to send electrical impulses. Has many dentrites and one axon. |
| plastids | three types of organelles that contain pigment or store starch. |
| chromoplast | Plastid that contains pigments. Ex: beeet cells, carrot cells, |
| Leucoplast | plastid that stores starch. ex: Potato cell, onion cell. |
| Turgor pressure | Water pressure inside the cell that forces the cell membrane agains the cell wall. Keeps plant cells supported. Analogy "air in tires" supports the weight of a car. |
| Epethial cell | Skin cell, ex: cheek cell |
| Spirogyra | filamentous algae whose cells are joined together in a chain that allows the filaments to float. cells have large chlorplasts |
| Elodea | A fresh water plant whose cells form a "brick wall" pattern |
| Cytoplasmic streaming | the movement of the cytoplasm inside a cell. Clearly visible in an Elodea plant cell. The movement of the chlorplast is evidence of the cytoplasm moving. |
| Microtubules | hollow rods which help to support and shape a cell. |
| Centrioles | cylindrical structures, found in animal cells, that are composed of groupings of microtubules arranged in a 9 + 3 pattern. They help to organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division. |
| Cytoskeleton | a network of fibers throughout the cell's cytoplasm that helps the cell maintain its shape and gives support to the cell. Composed of at least three different types of fibers: microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments |
