| A | B |
|---|
| Oxidation is | chemical weathering |
| Sink hole forms | when the roof of a cavern collapses |
| Most of earth’s water is stored here | oceans |
| Most water enters the earth’s atmosphere by this process | evaporation |
| Most of earth’s freshwater is stored here | glaciers & ice caps snow & ice |
| Most of earth’s liquid freshwater is stored here | groundwater |
| When the ground is fully saturated and precipitation (rain- snow- sleet) continues to fall this happens | runoff |
| Abrasion | mechanical weathering |
| When lichen and moss secrete acids to dissolve rock | a form of chemical weathering |
| Weathered material is transported to a new location by | erosion |
| Pollution affects | rate of weathering |
| Surface are does NOT affect | the rate of weathering |
| Acid rain or carbonation causes limestone to | weather very quickly |
| A rock that resists weathering because of having a lot of minerals | quartz |
| Well sorted sediments | porous |
| Karst topography | caverns sinkholes and disappearing rivers. forms in areas where the bedrock is limestone |
| A cave formation where calcium carbonate is precipitated leaving a residue on the ceiling of a cave | stalactite |
| Unclollapsed rock between a pair of sinkholes forms an arch of rock | natural bridge |
| Water stored | 96.5% in ocean; 0.001% in atmosphere |
| Oceans | 96.5% of Earth’s water stored in the oceans |
| Evaporation | change of a liquid to a gas |
| Transpiration | plants release water into the atmosphere from small pores on their leaves known as stoma |
| Sublimation | change of a solid to a gas |
| Condensation | change of a gas to a liquid (clouds; dew; fog) |
| Precipitation | water released form clouds (rain; snow; sleet |
| Runoff | water that flows over the surface of impermeable (solid) or saturated (soaked) land and runs into rivers and lakes |
| Groundwater | water that is absorbed by the earth |
| Adiabatic cooling | cooling due solely to expansion...Upper atmosphere has less pressure than lower atmosphere so rising air and water vapor will expand and cool causing condensation |
| Condensation nuclei | ice; salt; dust in air |
| Humidity | the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere |
| Relative humidity | ratio of water vapor in air and saturation point (filled to capacity) |
| Where is the majority of all the earth’s water stored? | the oceans 96.5% |
| How does water get into the atmosphere? | mainly in its gaseous form called water vapor |
| How do clouds form? | under 3 conditions: water vapor enters atmosphere…condensation nuclei (ice; salt; dust) are suspended in the air…water vapor rises into upper atmosphere where it expands and cools (adiabatic cooling) causing condensation |
| Weathering | breaking down of rocks and other materials on the earth’s surface |
| Chemical weathering | weathering in which the chemical makeup rocks changes |
| Mechanical weathering | (physical) weathering in which the chemical makeup rocks does not change |
| Ice wedging | when water renters cracks in rocks and freezes. mechanical weathering caused by the freezing and melting of water |
| Exfoliation | when expansion creates cracks and layers of rock peel off |
| Oxidation | a chemical change between oxygen and another substance (chemical weathering) |
| Carbonation | a chemical reaction of carbonic acid with minerals. a type of weathering that involved the dissolving of bedrock |
| Acid rain | rain containing nitric acid and sulfuric acid |
| Organic activity (mechanical) | water and nutrients collects in cracks in rocks and plants grow: root pry…when roots grow and enlarge cracks: borrowing animals that bring sediment to the surafce |
| Soil | a mixture of weathered rock; decaying organic matter; mineral fragments; water; and air |
| Humus | decaying remains of plants and animals |
| Soil profile | across section in which layers of the soil and bedrock can be seen. Each layer is called a horizon |
| What are the different parts of soil profile? | horizon A (topsoil); horizon B (subsoil); horizon C (regolith or partially weathered bedrock); bedrock (unweathered bedrock) |
| Aquifer | the body of rack that hold water |
| Zone of aeration | when pours in the sediment are filled with air |
| Zone of saturation | where water fills all of the open spaces in sediment and rock |
| Water table | upper level of the saturation zone of groundwater |
| Porosity | percentage of open space in a given volume of rock or sediment |
| Permeability | How freely water passes through open spaces |
| Sinkholes | large hole in the ground formed by groundwater erosion. Also forms when the roof of a cavern collapses |
| Stalagmite | deposits on the floor of a cave |
| Column | when stalactites growing down from the ceiling connect to a stalagmite growing up from the floor |
| Troglobite | animals that spend their entire life in caves |
| Geyser | boiling water that is shot out of the ground. The water is heated by magma. |
| Spring | when the water table is so close to the earth’s surface that water flows out |
| How does groundwater collect? | when rain and water filters down through the soil until it reaches impermeable rock |
| How do caves form? | when water containing dissolved calcium carbonate continues to drip through the ceilings |
| How do formations in caves form? | when calcium carbonate enters the cave atmosphere it gives up some of its carbon dioxide and allows precipitation of limestone to from. This forms stalactites(on ceiling) and stalagmites (on ground) |
| What are some unique adaptations of animals the live in caves? | no pigment (color); some have no eyes; some see by infrared vision; some have special feelers |
| How do sinkholes form? | sinkholes form when a cavern loses its support and the ceiling caves in |
| How do natural bridges form? | one way is when several sinkholes collapse in a line. Another way is when a surface river enters a crack in a rock formation runs underground and reemerges eroding the rock as it passes through |
