| A | B |
|---|
| Surpluses | more than necessary |
| traditional economy | relies on habit, custom, or ritual and tends NOT to change over time |
| civilization | COMPLEX highly organized social order. The world's first civilizations arose independently in a number of river valleys |
| polytheistic | belief in many gods |
| artisans | skilled crafts people |
| pictographs | simple drawings that look like the objects they represent |
| scribes | could read and write. Kept records for priests, rulers, merchants |
| cultural diffusion | spread of ideas, customs and technologies, from one people to another |
| city-state | a political unit containing a city and all the area around it |
| empire | group of states or territories controlled by one ruler |
| Mesopotamia | the area of land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers where the first civilization developed |
| Sumer | site of the world's first civilizations |
| hierarchy | a system of ranking groups of people |
| ziggurat | large stepped platform thought to have been topped by a temple dedicated to the city's chief god or goddess |
| cuneiform | earliest known writing developed by the Sumerians |
| Hammurabi | king of Babylon who brought much of Mesopotamia under the control of his empire |
| civil law | deals with private rights and matters such as business contracts, property matters such as business contracts, property inheritance, taxes, marriage and divorce |
| barter economy | exchange one good or service for another |
| criminal law | deals with offenses against others such as robbery, assault, murder |
| money economy | goods and services are paid for by the exchange of some token or agreedvalue such as coins or bills |
| cataract | waterfall |
| delta | triangular area of marshland formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of some rivers |
| dynasty | ruling family |
| Pharoahs | Egyptian kings who organized a strong centralized state |
| bureaucracy | system of government that includes different job functions and levels of authority |
| vizier | chief minister |
| Hatshepsut | first female ruler of Egypt |
| Thutmose III | pharoah who expended Egypt's borders to the greatest extent ever |
| Ramese II | best known Egyptian ruler |
| Amon-Re | great lord of the gods |
| Osiris | god of the underworld and of the Nile |
| Isis | goddess who taught women to grind corn, spin flax, weave cloth, care for children |
| mummification | preservation of dead bodies by embalming them and wrapping them in cloth |
| hieroglyphics | a system of writing where symbols called hieroglyphs represent objects, concepts or sounds |
| papyrus | paper-like writing material from a plant that grows along the banks of the Nile |
| deciphering | figuring out the meaning of |
| Rosetta Stone | a black stone with the same passage written in hieroglyphics, demotic script and Greek |
| monotheistic | belief in only one god |
| Torah | most sacred book of the Isralites includes the first five books of the Hebrew Bible |
| Abraham | considered the father of the Israelite people |
| covenant | promise and agreement |
| Moses | led the Israelites in the exodus |
| David | second king of Israel who united the tribes into one nation |
| Solomon | king who built an impressive capital at Jerusalem |
| patriarchal | men hold the greatest legal and moral authority |
| Sabbath | a holy day of rest and worship |
