| A | B |
|---|
| Byzantine Empire | Eastern part of the Roman Empire after Western Rome collapsed |
| CONSTANTINOPLES & its GEOGRAPHIC FEATURE | Byzantine Capital located On the Borporus Strait, CENTER FOR TRADE; CROSSROADS OF EUROPE & ASIA |
| 3 achievements made under EMPEROR JUSTINIAN | Built the Hagia Sophia; Created Justinian’s Code of Laws; preserved Greek & Roman culture |
| Justinian’s Code of Law | Collected laws of Rome, became MODEL for European LEGAL SYSTEMS |
| autocrat | One ruler with complete authority |
| Hagia Sophia | Church built by Justinian |
| Orthodox Christian Church | Byzantine church [split off from Catholic Christianity] |
| Contribution of Byzantine Empire | Preserved Greek & Roman culture & Christian religion |
| Effect of Germanic invasions on European society | collapsed the Western Roman Empire |
| FEUDALISM | System where land is exchanged for military service and loyalty |
| Why did feudalism develop in Europe after the fall of Roman? | The need for protection due to the collapse of Rome |
| Feudal society | King, Lords, Vassals, Knights, serfs |
| serfs | Peasants bound to the lord's land |
| manor | Lord's estate [lands] that included one or more villages and the serfs who farmed it |
| Manorialism | Basis of the MEDIEVAL ECONOMY and was centered around the lord’s manor |
| fief | Land grant given to lords by the king in exchange for loyalty & military service |
| Code of Chivalry | Code of conduct followed by knights |
| What does chivalry mean? | Acting brave, loyal and staying true to one’s word; always protecting women. |
| What was manorialism? | Economic system based on the lord’s manor where serfs produced the goods and services for everyone’s needs |
| ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH | The Church provided STABILITY, UNITY, & ORDER in Western Europe after the collapse of Rome |
| secular | Worldly, non-religious, concerns with everyday life |
| Pope | Head of the Catholic Church |
| Muhammad | Founder & prophet of the religion of Islam |
| Gothic tradition | Architectural style of the Middle Ages - churches built to soar upward to give glory to God |
| 5 Pillars of Islam | 1. belief in One God, Allah [monotheism]; 2. prayer 5 times a day facing Mecca; 3. charity to the poor; 4. fasting from sun up to sun down during the holy month of Ramadan; 5. pilgrimage to Mecca [called the hajj - like the 10 Commandments because the 5 pillars were a behavior code for Muslims |
| Quran | Holy book for Muslims |
| Worldly powers of the ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH Church | Charged 10% tax; had its own laws, |
| EXCOMMUNICATION | Power of the Roman Catholic church to kick people out if they did not obey the church, thus dooming them to hell after death |
| monasteries | Communities of spiritual focus]; Monks & nuns took vows of poverty, purity, obedience |
| anti-Semitism | Hatred towards Jews |
| REASONS FOR FIGHTING IN THE CRUISADES | 1. Help the Church get back Jerusalem from the Muslims; 2. To get your sins forgiven, & get to heaven; 3. For travel & adventure; 4. Nobles wanted more wealth & land through plunder; 5. Serfs wanted to escape feudalism & earn their freedom |
| Saladin | Muslim leader during the Crusades |
| 5 CHANGES caused by the CRUSADES | 1. Religious hatred between Muslims, Christians and Jews; 2. Trade increased between Europe and the Middle East; 3. Europeans became aware of other cultures; 4. As Trade increased, people began to use money 5. Feudalism declined as the economy changed to one based on money & people moved off the manor into cities. The use of money helped spur the Commercial Revolution |
| How the Crusades started THE COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION | Christians & Muslims began to trade in the Holy Land. They used money. People needed money to buy the new goods. Merchants began to pool their money to create new businesses. Banking also started to loan money for new businesses. Noble wanted money to buy luxury goods. Serfs could sell their crops & use the money to buy freedom. A new middle class of merchants, bankers, crafts persons grew into cities.. |
| MERCHANT GUILDS | Business organizations set prices, wages & rules of their craft. 3 levels of membership = APPRENTICES, JOURNEYMEN, MASTERS |
| English common law | Under King Henry II, English laws were brought together in a unified body |
| Magna Carta | document signed by king John which LIMITED THE POWER OF THE MONARCH [KING] - said the king had to obey the law like everyone else |
| epidemic | an outbreak where many people become infected |
| SPREADING OF THE BLACK DEATH | The Bubonic plague, black death, was very contagious and spread by fleas who bit infected rats. In the 1300's it became an epidemic in Chinese cities. Since trade had increased because of the Crusades during the 1100’s, the plague spread to the Middle East, North Africa, and Italy from China. a. By mid 1300’s, the disease had reached Spain and France. b. Eventually, it spread to the rest of Europe |
| SYMPTOMS OF THE BLACK DEATH | Shortly after being bitten by a flee people developed swelling and black bruises on their skin. Then they died in great pain. There was no cure. |
| EFFECTS OF THE PLAGUE | The plague killed 35 million Chinese; killed 1/3 of all the people in Europe; disrupted trade, and killed so many people that those who survived charged more money for goods; Serfs revolted and feudalism vanished, causing kings to gain more power. Many people blamed Jews and killed thousands of them to try and stop the plague. |
