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| What are the states that border (touch) Virginia? | North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia and Maryland |
| What are the two bodies of water that border Virginia? | Atlantic Ocean and Chesapeake Bay |
| What are the 5 geographic regions of Virginia? | Coastal Plain (Tidewater), Piedmont, Blue Ridge Mountains, Valley and Ridge, and Appalachian Plateau |
| What is a peninsula? | A piece of land bordered by water on three sides |
| Give and example of a peninsula inn Virginia. | The Eastern Shore |
| What body of water borders the Eastern Shore on the west? | The Chesapeake Bay |
| What body of water borders the Eastern Shore on the east? | The Atlantic Ocean |
| Another name for the Coastal Plain is ____________? | Tidewater |
| Describe the land of the Coastal Plain | Flat |
| If you stand on the Fall Line, which direction would you go to get to the Coastal Plain? | East |
| The Eastern Shore is located in which geographic region? | Coastal Plain (Tidewater) |
| The Atlantic Ocean and the Chesapeake Bay border which geographic region of Virginia? | Coastal Plain (Tidewater) |
| What body of water separates the Eastern Shore for the mainland of Virginia? | Chesapeake Bay |
| Why was the Chesapeake Bay important to the early inhabitants (people) of Virginia? | It provided a safe harbor and was a source of food and transportation |
| Name the 4 major rivers in Virginia that flow into the Chesapeake Bay and are separated by peninsulas? | Potomac R, Rappahannock R, York R, James R |
| What direction do the 4 major rivers in Virginia flow? | They flow downhill, east to the bay and then to the sea |
| Why was the Atlantic Ocean important to the early settlers of Virginia? | It provided transportation links (ways) between Virginia and other places (ex: Europe, Africa, and the Caribbean) |
| Name 2 cities located along the James River? | Richmond and Jamestown |
| ___________ is located along the York River. | Yorktown |
| What city is located along the Potomac River? | Alexandria |
| _________is located along the Rappahannock River | Fredricksburg |
| Why were the rivers important to the inhabitants (people) of Virginia? | They were a source a food and provided a pathway for exploration and settlement |
| What is the Fall Line? | The natural border between the Coastal Plain and the Piedmont region ***it is where the land rises sharply |
| In Virginia, where would waterfalls prevent further travel on rivers? | At the Fall Line |
| Many early Virginia cities developed along the Fall Line because______. | The waterfalls prevented further travel |
| Which geographic region of Virginia borders the Fall Line to the west | The Piedmont region |
| What does the word Piedmont mean? | Land at the foot of the mountains |
| What two words best describe the Piedmont region? | Rolling hills |
| Where are the Blue Ridge Mountains located? | They are between the Piedmont and Valley and Ridge regions |
| What two words best describe the Blue Ridge Mountains? | Old and rounded |
| The Blue Ridge Mountains and the Valley and Ridge regions are part of the ____________. | Appalachian Mountain system |
| Which geographic region in Virginia is the source of many rivers? | The Blue Ridge Mountains |
| Where is the Valley and Ridge region located? | West of the Blue Ridge Mountains |
| Where is the Great Valley located? | In the Valley and Ridge region **between the ridges (mountains) |
| What is a plateau? | An area of elevated (high) land that is flat on top |
| Where is the Appalachian Plateau? | In southwest Virginia |
| How much of the Appalachian Plateau is located in Virginia? | Only a small part (it goes into other states) |
| What product is found in the Coastal Plain (Tidewater)? | seafood |
| What industries are found in the Coastal Plain (Tidewater)? | Shipbuilding, tourism, federal military installations (military bases) |
| What products are found in the Piedmont region? | Tobacco products and information technology |
| What industries are found in the Piedmont region? | Technology, federal and state government, farming, and textiles (fabrics) |
| What product is found in the Blue Ridge Mountain region? | apples |
| What industry in found in the Blue Ridge Mountain region? | Recreation |
| What products are found in the Valley and Ridge region? | Poultry (birds we eat) and apples |
| What industry is found in the Valley and Ridge region | Farming |
| What product is found in the Appalachian Plateau region? | Coal |
| What industry is found in the Appalachian Plateau region? | Coal mining |
| Who were the first people living in Virginia? | American Indians (First Americans, Native American) |
| ________ called the people he found in the lands he discovered “Indians.” | Christopher Columbus |
| Why did Christopher Columbus call the people “Indians” in the lands he discovered? | He thought he was in the Indies (near China) |
| Give 3 examples of artifacts (things from the past). | Arrowheads, pottery, and other tools |
| Why are artifacts important? | They tell a lot about the people of the past and give evidence of how the people lived |
| Which American Indian Language group lived primarily (mainly, mostly) in the Tidewater region? | Algonquian |
| The Powhatans were members of which American Indian Language group | Algonquian |
| Which American Indian Language group lived primarily (mainly, mostly) in the Piedmont region? | Siouan |
| Which American Indian Language group lived primarily (mainly, mostly) in southwestern Virginia? | Iroquoian |
| Which American Indian Language group lived in southern Virginia near North Carolina? | Iroquoian |
| The Cherokee were members of which American Indian Language group? | Iroquoian |
| Virginia’s American Indians depended on what 2 things to meet their basic needs? | The climate and their environment (where you live) |
| What is the climate like in Virginia | It is mild with distinct seasons (you can tell the difference) |
| The different seasons in Virginia produce a variety (many kinds) of __________. | Vegetation (plants) |
| Most of the land in Virginia is covered with ________. | Forests, with a variety of trees |
| Sometimes Virginia’s Indians are referred (called) to as __________. | Eastern Woodland Indians |
| How did the seasons effect or change the way the American Indians lived from one season to another? | *The kinds of food the ate *the clothes they wore *their shelters |
| How did the American Indian’s food change with the seasons? | *winter-hunted birds and animals *spring-fished and picked berries *summer-grew crops (beans, corn and squash) *fall-harvested crops |
| The American Indians used animal skins (deerskins) for ________. | Clothing |
| How did the American Indians make their shelters? | From whatever materials they could find around them |
| Some European countries, including England, were in competition to increase their_______ by expanding their empires to America. | Wealth and power |
| What were the 4 reasons for English colonization in America? | 1. establish (get) power 2. establish (get) wealth- silver and gold 3. an American settlement could furnish raw materials that England could not grow or get 4. it would open markets for trade |
| Jamestown was primarily established as an _____________. | Economic venture |
| Who financed the settlement of Jamestown? | The stockholders of Virginia Company of London |
| What was the first permanent English settlement in North America? | Jamestown (1607) |
| Describe Jamestown when the settlers arrived in 1607. | . it was located on a narrow peninsula bordered by the James River on 3 sides |
| Describe Jamestown today | It is located on an island in the James River |
| Give 3 reasons why the settlers chose Jamestown as a site (place) for a new settlement | . 1. easy to defend from attack by sea (Spanish) 2. water along the shore was deep enough for ships to dock 3. they thought they had a good supply of fresh water |
| The King of England granted charters to the Virginia Company of London. What were charters? | They gave the Virginia Company of London the right to establish a settlement in North America and extended English rights to the colonists |
| The first charter of the Virginia Company of London established companies | Colonies in the new world |
| Who initiated (started) a trading relationship with the Powhatans? | Capt. John Smith |
| What type of items did the Powhatans trade with the English colonists? | Food, furs, and leather |
| What type of items did the English (colonists) trade with the Powhatans? | Tools, pots, guns and other goods |
| __________ contributed to the survival of the Jamestown settlers in many ways. | The Powhatan people- gave them survival skills while they had positive interactions (while they got along) |
| Who was Chief Powhatan’s daughter? | Pocahontas |
| Who believed that the English (colonists) and the American Indians could live in harmony (be friends)? | Pocahontas |
| Pocahontas believed that a friendship with the colonists would help them to __________. | Survive |
| The Powhatans introduced new crops to the English (colonists). Give 2 examples. | Corn and tobacco |
| The Powhatan people realized that what was happening to the English settlements? | The English settlements would continue to grow |
| When the English settlements started to grow, what did the Powhatans think of the colonists? | The Powhatans saw them as invaders (uninvited) who would take over their land |
| Name 3 hardships that faced the settlers at Jamestown. | 1. the site (place) was too marshy and lacked safe drinking water 2. the settlers lacked some skills necessary for survival 3. many settlers died of starvation and disease |
| Name 3 changes at Jamestown that ensured (made possible) survival. | 1. arrival of 2 supply ships 2. forced work program and strong leadership of Capt. John Smith 3. emphasis of self-sustaining agriculture (growing their own food to eat) |
| The arrival of women in 1620 made it possible for the settlers to establish ______________ at Jamestown. | Families and a more permanent settlement |
| Africans arrived at Jamestown against their will, and it was believed that they arrived as baptized Christians. For the first 5 to 7 years African were labeled as __________. | Indentured servants |
| The arrival of Africans made it possible to expand the ________ economy. | Tobacco |
| Jamestown became a more “diverse colony” by 1620. What does “diverse colony” mean? | More types of people (women and Africans) |
| _________was the first elected legislative body in America | The Virginia House of Burgesses |
| The Virginia House of Burgesses gave the settlers the opportunity to control their own ________. | Government |
| The House of Burgesses today is called the ___________. | General Assembly of Virginia –it still exists today |
| By the 1640’s, the burgesses became a separate legislative body called the ___________. | Virginia House of Burgesses |
| In 1691, the governor of Virginia called a meeting if the Virginia Assembly. Who attended? | 1. two citizen representatives (burgesses) form each division (district) of Virginia 2. the governor’s council 3. the governor |
| In the 1690’s, who were considered citizens? | Only adult men |
| What is cash crop? | A crop that is grown to sell for money rather than for use by the grower |
| The economy of the Virginia colony depended on __________as a primary source of wealth. | Agriculture |
| ___________became the most profitable agricultural product. | Tobacco (and was sold in England) |
| How did the success of tobacco change the Virginia colony? | It transformed (changed)life and encouraged slavery |
| Large numbers of Africans were brought to the colony against their will to work as slaves on ________. | Large plantations |
| Virginia’s colony became ________on slave labor for their economy | Dependent-and it lasted a long time |
| The successful planting of tobacco depended on a reliable and inexpensive ________. | Source of labor (indentured servants and then slaves) |
| Cultural landscapes reflect the __________(3) of people living in the area | Beliefs, customs, and architecture |
| Even though Virginia was a colony of England, it had a ______culture. | Unique (not exactly alike) |
| Whenever people settle in an area, they change the ______ to reflect their beliefs, customs, and architecture of their culture. | Landscapes (barns, homes, places of worship) |
| In which geographic region did the English primarily settle? | Tidewater and Piedmont regions |
| Where did the Germans and Scotch-Irish primarily settle? | In the Shenandoah Valley (along the migration route) |
| Where did the Africans primarily settle? | Tidewater and Piedmont regions-where agriculture required a great deal of labor |
| American Indians were found primarily in their traditional homelands and were found in which geographic regions? | Tidewater, Piedmont, and Appalachian Plateau |
| ________(2) caused people to adapt old customs to their new environment. | Migrations and living in new areas |
| Culture in Virginia reflects _________(3) origins. | American Indians, Africans, and Europeans (English) |
| Why was the capital moved from Jamestown to Williamsburg (4)? | 1. Drinking water was contaminated by salt water 2. Dirty living conditions caused diseases 3. Williamsburg had a higher elevation 4. Fire had destroyed the wooden buildings of Jamestown |
| Why was the capital moved from Williamsburg to Richmond (4)? | 1. the populations were moving westward 2. more central location 3. Richmond’s location was better for trade 4. it increased the distance from attack by the English |
| What does the term “money” mean? | A medium of exchange (currency-coins and paper money) |
| What does the term “barter” mean? | Trading/exchanging of goods and services without the use of money |
| What does the term “credit” mean? | Buying a good or service now and paying for it later |
| What does the term “debt” mean? | A good or service owed to another |
| What does the term “savings” mean? | Money put away to save or spend at another time |
| _______was commonly used instead of money | Bartering |
| Which cash crop was commonly used for money? | Tobacco (farmers would use tobacco to pay for goods or services) |
| Farmers and other consumers could also buy goods and services on credit and pay their debts when ___________. | Their crops were harvested and sold |
| True or False. There were banks in colonial Virginia. | False |
| True or False. Few people had paper money and coins to use to buy goods or services | True |
| Conflicts developed between the colonies and England over what? | How the colonies should be governed |
| The colonists and the English Parliament disagreed over how the colonies should be governed. Parliament believed ________. | that they had legal authority and could tax the colonists |
| The colonists and the English Parliament disagreed over how the colonies should be governed. The colonists believed ________. | that their local assemblies had the legal authority |
| Why did the colonists disagree with the taxes that Parliament places on them? | They believed they should not be taxed by Parliament because they had no representation in Parliament (taxation without representation) |
| The Declaration of Independence gave reasons for what? | Reasons for independence and ideas for self government |
| Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? | Thomas Jefferson |
| Which document states that the people have the authority to govern (not kings) and that "all people are created equal and have certain right to life,liberty, and the persuit of happiness? | the Declaration of Independence |
| Virginia patriots served in the _______ and fought against the English. | Continental Army |
| Did all Virginias support the Revolutionary War? | No, some were neutral (did not take sides) and some remained loyal to England |
| Why did some slaves fight for the English during the Revolutionary War? | They were promised their freedom |
| Who was James Lafayette? | A slave from Virginia who served (as a spy) in the Continental Army and was given his freedom after the war |
| What role did women have during the Revolutionary War? | They took on more responsibility – cooked, did laundry, nursed wounded soldiers, and took care of farms |
| What role did George Washington have during the Revolutionary War? | He provided military leadership (Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army) |
| Who provided political leadership by expressing the reasons for colonial independence from England in the Declaration of Independence? | Thomas Jefferson |
| Who inspired patriots from other colonies when he spoke out against taxation without representation by saying, “…give me liberty or give me death?” | Patrick Henry |
| The American victory at Yorktown resulted in the surrender of the ________ army, bringing an end to the Revolutionary War. | English |
| Where was the last major battle of the Revolutionary War fought? | Yorktown, Virginia |
| Who was the first President of the United States? | George Washington |
| Why is George Washington’s role of president so important? | He provided strong leadership and provided a model of leadership for future presidents |
| Who is known as the “Father of Our Country?” | George Washington |
| Who believed in the importance of having a United States constitution? | James Madison |
| How did James Madison help the Constitutional Convention? | He kept detailed notes, and helped delegates compromise and reach agreements while writing the constitution |
| Who is known as the “Father of the Constitution?” | James Madison |
| Who wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights? | George Mason |
| What rights did the Virginia Declaration of Rights give the Virginians? | Freedom of religion freedom of the press and right to a fair trial |
| What document became the basis for the Bill of Rights of the US Constitution? | Virginia Declaration of Rights |
| Who wrote the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom? | Thomas Jefferson |
| What did the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom state (say)? | That Virginians should be able to worship as they please |
| The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom served as a basis for what other document? | The 1st amendment to the US Constitution (provides religious freedom) |
| After the American Revolution, many farmers began to look for more land because the tobacco was _________________. | hard on the soil (used up minerals) |
| After the American Revolution, where did large numbers of Virginians migrate? | They moved west and to the deep South |
| After the American Revolution, why were many Virginians migrating? | To look for better farmland and new opportunities |
| After the American Revolution, when Virginians moved what did they take with them? | Their traditions, ideas, and culture |
| When settlers migrated west which way did they go? | They crossed the Appalachian Mountains through the Cumberland Gap |
| Before the Civil War, the economy of the Northern states was based on __________. | industry (factories) |
| Before the Civil War, the economy of the Southern states was base on ___________. | agriculture (farming and relied on slave labor) |
| Northern states wanted the new states created out of the western territories to be “free states”, while the Southern states wanted the new states to be _________. | slave states |
| Who was Nat Turner? | A slave who led a revolt against Virginia plantation owners |
| Who is an abolitionist? | Someone who campaigned (helped) to end slavery |
| Who was Harriet Tubman? | She used secret routes (the Underground Railroad) to escaped slaves find freedom |
| Who was John Brown? | A white abolitionist who led a raid on a US armory (arsenal-place where weapons are stored) at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. He was trying to start a slave rebellion |
| What happened to John Brown after the raid? | He was caught and hanged |
| What year did Abraham Lincoln become president? | 1860 |
| When Lincoln became president, some of the southern states ______ from the Union | seceded (withdrew or left) |
| The states that seceded from the Union formed what? | The Confederate States of America |
| In Virginia conflicts grew between the eastern counties (who relied on slavery) and the western counties (who favored abolition of slavery) and led to the formation of _______. | West Virginia |
| Why did Virginia play an important role in the Civil War? | Many major battles were fought in Virginia |
| The first major battle of the Civil Ear was _______. | Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) |
| Which Confederate general played a major role and earned his nickname at the Battle of Bull Run? | Gen. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson |
| Who was the Commander of the Army of Northern Virginia and defeated Union troops at Fredericksburg, Virginia | Gen. Robert E. Lee |
| Where was the capital of the Confederacy? | Richmond, Virginia |
| Richmond fell to what Union general and was burned near the end of the Civil War? | Gen. Ulysses S. Grant |
| Who used the Union navy to blockade (ships can’t leave or enter) southern ports? | Abraham Lincoln |
| What were the Monitor and the Merrimack (Virginia)? | 2 iron-clad ships |
| Where did the sea battle between the Monitor and the Merrimack take place? | In Virginia waters near Norfolk and Hampton |
| Who won the battle between the Monitor and the Merrimack? | No one, it was a draw (tie) |
| Where did the Civil War end? | Appomattox Court House, Virginia |
| Who surrendered to who to end the Civil War? | Gen. Robert E. Lee (Confederate) surrendered to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant (Union) |
| When did the Civil War end? | April, 1865 |
| What does the term “Reconstruction” mean? | It was the period of time following the Civil War when Congress passed laws designed to rebuild the country and bring southern states back into the Union |
| Name 4 problems faced by Virginians during Reconstruction. (Virginia’s economy was in ruins) | 1. freed slaves needed housing, clothing, food, and jobs 2. Confederate money had no value 3. banks were closed 4. railroads, bridges, plantations, and crops were destroyed |
| What was the Freedman’s Bureau? | A government agency that provided food, schools, and medical care for freed slaves and others in Virginia and the rest of the South |
| How did the sharecropping system work in Virginia? | Freed men and poor white farmers rented land from a landowner by promising to pay the owner with a share of the crop |
| During Reconstruction, African Americans began to have power in Virginia’s government, and men of all races could _________. | vote |
| What happened to the rights of African Americans after Reconstruction? | They were slowly taken away and it would take years to win them back |
| What does the “segregation” mean? | The separation of people, usually based on race or religion |
| What does the term “discrimination” mean? | An unfair difference in the treatment of people |
| What were “Jim Crow” laws? | They established segregation or separation of the races and reinforced prejudices held by whites |
| Because of unfair poll taxes and voting tests, African Americans found it very difficult to ________. | vote or hold public office |
| Give examples of “Jim Crow” laws | Separate drinking fountains and separate schools |
| How did Virginia’s cities change after the Civil War and Reconstruction? | Cities grew with people, businesses, and factories |
| __________ were the key to expansion (growth) of business, agriculture, and industry. | Railroads |
| Describe how railroads facilitated (helped) the growth of small towns to cities. | They stimulated the growth of factories where clothing, furniture and other useful items were made |
| Which Virginia city became a major railroad center? | Roanoke |
| Cities grew because the railroads brought new jobs and people to the areas. Name 6 cities that grew rapidly during this time? | Richmond, Norfolk, Newport News, Petersburg, Alexandria, and Lynchburg |
| Where were coal deposits discovered after the Civil War? | Tazewell County |
| What became the livelihood (jobs) for residents (people who live) in the southwest part of Virginia | Coal and coal mining |
| After the Civil War and Reconstruction the need for more and better _______ increased | roads |
| After the Civil War and Reconstruction, what became important to Virginia’s industries? | Tobacco farming and tobacco products |
| During the 20th century, Virginia changed from a rural, agricultural society to a more _______________. | urban, industrial society |
| What contributed to the decline of an agricultural society in Virginia? | Old systems of farming were no longer effective, and crop prices were low |
| Why did people move from rural to urban areas in Virginia? | For economic opportunities (jobs, make money) |
| Name 4 technological developments in Virginia that helped cities to grow. | Transportation, roads, railroad, and streetcars |
| Why did people move to Virginia from many other states and nations? | For jobs, freedoms, and the enjoyment of Virginia’s beauty and quality of life |
| Since the end of World War II, Northern Virginia has experienced growth due to the increases of __________ located in this region. | federal jobs |
| What areas of Virginia have grown due to computer technology? | Northern Virginia and the tidewater region |
| After World War II, African Americans demanded _________and the recognition of their rights as American citizens. | equal treatment |
| What does the term “desegregation” mean? | Abolishment (ending) of racial segregation |
| What does the term “integration” mean? | Full equality of all races in the use of public facilities |
| During the “Brown vs Board of Education” court trial in 1954, the US Supreme Court ruled that | “separate but equal” public schools were unconstitutional, and all public schools were ordered to integrate |
| Virginia’s government established a “Massive Resistance” policy. What did the “Massive Resistance” policy do? | It fought to “resist” the integration of public schools (it wanted to keep them segregated) and some schools were closed |
| Who led the “Massive Resistance” Movement in Virginia? | Harry F. Byrd, Sr |
| The “Massive Resistance” movement ________ and Virginia’s public schools were integrated. | failed |
| Who was Maggie Lena Walker? | She was the first women and first African American women to become a bank president in the US |
| What 2 contributions did Harry F. Byrd, Sr. make as governor of Virginia? | “Pay As You Go” policy for road improvements and he modernized Virginia’s state government |
| Who was Arthur Ashe? | 1st African American winner of a major men’s tennis singles championship and he was also an author and eloquent spokesperson for social change |
| Who was a former governor of Virginia who was the first African American to elected a state governor in the US? | L. Douglas Wilder |
| Virginia’s states government is divided into three branches. Name them. | Legislative branch (General Assembly), executive branch, and judicial branch |
| What is the job of Virginia’s state government? | To ensure that Virginia’s laws agree with the state constitution |
| Virginia’s legislative branch (General Assembly) is divided into 2 parts. What are they? | The Senate and the House of Delegates |
| The governor heads the __________ branch of the state government | executive |
| The ___________ branch is the state’s court system | judicial |
| What does Virginia’s legislative branch do? | It makes the state laws |
| What does Virginia’s executive branch do? | It makes sure that states laws are carried out |
| What does Virginia’s judicial branch do? | It decided cases about people breaking the law, and decides whether or not a law agrees with Virginia’s constitution |
| Advances in __________, __________, and __________ have facilitated migration and led to economic development in Virginia. | transportation, communications, and technology |
| Industries in Virginia produce _________ and _________ which are used throughout the US. | goods and services |
| Virginia’s transportation system moves __________ to factories and finished products to markets | raw materials |
| Virginia exports (sends out) agricultural and manufactured products. Name some. | Tobacco, poultry, coal, and large ships |
| Virginia has a large number of what kind of industries? | Communications and other technology |
| __________ is a major part of Virginia’s economy today. | Tourism |
| Many federal workers live and work in Virginia, so the __________ has a significant (important) impact on Virginia’s economy. | federal government |
